Languages & Linguistics
Overlaps
Overlaps refer to the similarities between two or more languages in terms of their vocabulary, grammar, or phonetics. These similarities can occur due to historical, geographical, or cultural factors. Overlaps can be useful in language learning and translation, but they can also lead to confusion and misunderstandings.
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3 Key excerpts on "Overlaps"
eBook - PDF- Doris Schönefeld(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- De Gruyter Mouton(Publisher)
These are most likely encoded in the final word(s) of the speaker's utterance, and do not normally go beyond the information contained in one autosemantic word. To sum up what can be specified for Overlaps, I claim that they first and foremost support the idea that a word's (probabilistic) co-occurrence information and the (linguistic and situational) context in which it is embedded exert a strong influence on the comprehension process, and that they do so not only after a syntactic representation has been constructed by the hearer, but as soon as the first word has been accessed. Secondly, Overlaps are also indicative of the interaction between lexical and syntactic information in the comprehension process. In fact, they make obvious that lexical entries contain syntactic information which is exploited by (the speaker and) the hearer to build structure into which further incoming input has to be incorporated. They also show that the hearer's expectations can just as well be based on separate syntactic knowledge, for example, on his knowledge of what the general rules for potential combinations of word categories predict for a well-formed utterance. This is illustrated by the fact, that the hearer is almost always correct in his guess at the word category of the word he contributes to the utterance in the overlap. There was only one case in which his word category guess was erroneous (cf. example [90], and it seems to be due to the possibility of expressing the respective information at various levels of concept specificity [wood vs. a wooden something]. Apart from that, the Overlaps produced by the hearer also show the early exploitation of semantic information in the comprehension 226 Performance data process. In most cases, the listener is able to infer the actual word to be used in a particular slot, effectively exploiting what he has already constructed from the preceding utterance as well as from the situational context.
eBook - PDFDescription and Measurement of Bilingualism
An International Seminar, University of Moncton June 6-14, 1967
- Louis Kelly(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- University of Toronto Press(Publisher)
It can be argued that unless one insists on a strict definition of overlapping in terms of simultaneity, the determination of whether there is overlapping or not is a matter of the 'frame' used. If, e . g . , an L2 word is introduced into Ll discourse without phonic or morphic substitution, there is no overlapping on the word level but there is in a sense overlapping on the level. (Cf. Haugen 1956 pp.39ff) With regard to code-switching there are two supplementary approaches, that of starting with the broad patterning of use of two languages in a commu-nity and working down toward a finer and finer analysis of code-switching in a given discourse and that of starting with a minute analysis of a set of recor-ded discourses and working up toward the broader patterning in the community as a whole. While both approaches have been explored, no theory linking the two has yet emerged. Such a theory is obviously an important desideratum. 3.3 The quantification and tabulation of interference Some of the gaps in the measurements of lexical interference are the lack of studies of the relative frequency of importation and substitution, if items showing different degrees of integration, and of morphemic and allomorphic interference. (32) The most serious shortcoming of the available loanword counts is the gen-eral lack of information concerning the degree of 'social integration' of the (32) See the check list in Proposal 3, below. Session 3/Theme 137 'loanwords 1 included in the counts.
- (Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Cuvillier Verlag(Publisher)
This is because the pattern labels represented by small letters have been argued to refer to the heads of noun phrases rather than to phrases in the linear pattern analysis. The information conveyed by the label n is also covered by the key label N, which is why one box is presented as part of the other. Thus, noun Overlaps are paradigmatically described on the levels of word class, lexeme and word form. This indicates a tendency towards lexical information. Types 2 and 3 of Overlaps are both verb-Overlaps. The overlapping element representing type 2 of verb Overlaps in the middle of Figure 5.21 consists of the word forms to divert on word form level. They are referred to by the key label V on the levels of lexeme and word class, indicating that we deal with a specific verb. Compared to noun Overlaps, however, the third constituent of verb Overlaps has a different function. The box containing the label to-inf in case of type 2 is placed between the two other boxes because it links the information they convey. It is an abstraction of the infinitive form to divert (cf. Figure 5.16, line 8) and instantiates a specific verb ( V ). In the same manner type 3 of verb Overlaps can be illustrated by the word form sitting (cf. Figure 5.17, line 7) which is abstracted by the –ing , but which also indicates an –ing form that instantiates a specific verb ( V ). In both cases, this link is indicated in Figure 5.21 by a black line. In sum, verb-Overlaps are paradigmatically described on the levels of word class, lexeme and word form. Additionally, the instantiation is grammatically (inflectionally) classified because the pattern label hints at a particular verb form. From a paradigmatic point of view, Overlaps seem to be based on the simultaneous use of labels referring to the instantiation, which are located on different levels of abstraction.
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