Participle

5 Key excerpts on "Participle"

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  Essential Grammar for Today's Writers, Students, and Teachers

  • Nancy M. Sullivan(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  111 Verbals Participles The second verbal that we examine in this chapter is the Participle. Participles are adjectives, so we will not use the term “Participle adjective”—it is redundant. Below, we will examine Participles and Participle phrases, their placement in sentences, their punctuation, and their possible confusion with gerunds. At the beginning of the chapter, Table 4.1 showed that Participles have two forms: present Participle, Verb + ing, e.g., “learning,” “walking,” “talking” “speaking”—and past Participle, Verb + en, e.g., “learned,” “walked,” “talked,” “spoken.” (Ved is used for past tense verbs.) We will shorten these further for our discussion: Ving for present Participle forms and Ven for past Participle forms. Below are more examples of Ving and Ven forms: Present Participle Form (Ving) Past Participle Form (Ven) eating eaten interesting interested studying studied finding found In previous chapters, we learned that adjectives must always modify a noun or pronoun; they can change, expand, qualify, add to, or enrich the concepts of the nouns or pronouns they modify. That’s what Participles do. It helps to think of them as having been reincarnated from their past lives as verbs, like gerunds; however, parti- ciples function as adjectives (whereas gerunds function as nouns). As mentioned above, Participles can have two forms, Ving and Ven. Below are examples of both forms with the Participles underlined and arrows pointing to the nouns that they modify. Ving Participles: I think Cantonese is an interesting language. The Cantonese language is interesting. The motivating factor was that she planned to live in Hong Kong. Many of our founding fathers spoke two or three languages. Ven Participles: She gave me a worried look during our Hindi exam. 112 Verbals She was very worried. The motivated student talked freely to others to practice the language.

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  Participles

  A Typological Study

  • Ksenia Shagal(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  In the present chapter, I have given a brief overview of traditional definitions of Participles. I have shown that many of these definitions appear to be extremely broad, which presumably can be explained by the multifunctionality of the forms used for adnominal modification, especially in languages whose description most influenced the European linguistic tradition. I have further shown that narrower definitions, which take the notion of adjective as a starting point, also turn out to be fairly problematic. Although these work perfectly for the languages with primary adjectives, they fail to include some relevant verb forms in languages that lack them, for instance in languages with verb-like adjectives, such as West Greenlandic, Seri, and Garo.

  As an alternative, I have proposed to create a comparative concept, which would allow to study the similarities and differences of the forms that are functionally and structurally close to each other in all kinds of typologically diverse languages. The proposed concept of Participle is based on the following features of the form:

  • – the ability to introduce a headed relative clause, while being itself the locus of subordination marking and conveying no additional meaning;
  • –
    pertaining to the verbal paradigm, i.e. being formed by morphological rather than syntactic means, and at the same time demonstrating enough regularity and generality to qualify as inflection rather than derivation;
  • – being deranked, i.e. demonstrating some degree of morphosyntactic deviation from the prototypical predicate of an independent sentence in a given language.

  I have further shown that typologically it is extremely common that verb forms used for adnominal modification, i.e. qualifying as Participles in this study, also function as arguments, and therefore receive the label “nominalization” in the descriptions of individual languages. I argue that although in an in-depth analysis of a particular language it may be valuable to determine the primary function of the forms demonstrating such syncretism, for a typological study like this one it is more reasonable to consider these forms as participial and hence investigate them together with the other participial forms. However, I do exclude infinitival relative clauses from my study, because of the considerable semantic augmentation typically associated with them.

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  Foundations for Syriac Lexicography II

  Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project

  • P. J. Williams(Author)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • Gorgias Press

    (Publisher)

  Where a form has assumed a vocalization pattern other than that of the Participle, we are dealing with an independent nominal or adjectival form, but where that is not the case, it is unnecessary to deny these their participial verbal status since all Participles have the potential to function as nouns or adjectives, depending on the syntactic context in which they appear. 7. C ONCLUSION On the basis of the systematic functioning of the Participles—both active and passive— within the syntax of the language, I propose that Participles be presented in the lexicon under the verb to which they belong. Separate entries for their other functions could be given as an aid to the beginning student (“user friendliness”), but it should be made clear that the form is in fact a Participle of a given verb, though its function in a given case is as indicated in that specific instance for a particular syntactic environment. B IBLIOGRAPHY Dyk, J.W. Participles in Context: A Computer-Assisted Study of Old Testament Hebrew. Applicatio 12. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994. ___. “Syntactic Desiderata for the Lexicon.” Pages 141–56 in Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I. Edited by A. Dean Forbes and David G.K. Taylor. Perspectives on Syriac Linguisitics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Goldenberg, G. “On Syriac Sentence Structure.” Pages 97–140 in Aramaeans, Aramaic, and the Aramaic Literary Tradition . Edited by M. Sokoloff. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1983. ___. “On Predicative Adjectives in Syriac Syntax.” Bibliotheca Orientalis 48 (1991): 716–26. Heggie, L. The Syntax of Copular Structures . Dissertation of the Graduate Students in Linguistics of the University of Southern California, 1988. T REATMENT OF THE P ASSIVE P ARTICIPLE 61 Kahan, J. Über die verbalnominale Doppelnatur der hebräischen Participien und Infinitive und ihre darauf beruhende verschiedene Konstruktion. Leipzig: C.W. Vollrath, 1889. Kernighan, B.W., and D.M.

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  Modifying Adjuncts

  • Ewald Lang, Claudia Maienborn, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Ewald Lang, Claudia Maienborn, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  with a few flowers decorated, looks the room much more friendly 'Decorated with a few flowers, the room looks much more friendly.' In the examples (l)-(3), we are dealing with modifiers used attributively which agree with the nominal head of the modificandum in gender, number and case. In (4)-(6), there is no morphologically indicated relation between the modifier and the modificandum. I regard these Participle constructions as adverbial modifiers, which can be paraphrased as adverbial sentences. In many languages, there are special morphemes marking the adverbial form of the verb, the so-called adverbial Participles (Haspelmath 1995; König 1995; Hengeveld 1998; V. P. Nedjalkov 1995; I.V. Nedjalkov 1995, 1998; Rüzicka 1978, 1982; Kortmann 1995). I will leave aside the characterization of Participle constructions as sec-ondary predicates. Further investigation must clarify whether there is a sharp delimitation between adverbial Participle constructions and depictive secondary predicates. German Participle II constructions as adjuncts 629 The main concern of this paper will be the division of labour between mor-phology, syntax and semantics. The particular questions to be raised are the following: - Which morphosyntactic features characterize German Participles Π? - Which configurations and operations are involved in capturing the mor-phosyntactic and semantic polyfunctionality of Participles Π? - How do Participle Π constructions get their status as attributive and ad-verbial modifiers? 2. The framework Within a minimalist framework of sound-meaning correlation the analysis follows a lexicalist conception of morphology (Wunderlich 1997c) and the differentiation of Semantic Form (SF) and Conceptual Structure (Bierwisch 1987, 1997; Lang 1987, 1990, 1994; Dölling 1997, this volume; Maienborn 1997, this volume). A strict distinction is made between morphological marking and seman-tic interpretation of morphological forms.

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  Converbs in Cross-Linguistic Perspective

  Structure and Meaning of Adverbial Verb Forms - Adverbial Participles, Gerunds

  • Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  take-iMPERF.suBj -3sG '(The soldiers) parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what every man should take.' Participles are verbal adjectives. 8 As such, they share many of the morphosyn-tactic properties of adjectives, in particular the ability to be used attributively, functioning as relative clause heads. Thus, in Ancient Greek one can say ho Ioannes ho proskalesamenos 'John, who called', and in Latin one can say milites mittentes sortem 'soldiers who cast lots'. And like adjectives, Greek and Latin Participles show agreement with their head noun in gender, number, and case. This agreement also appears when Participles are not used in their basic adjecti-val/relativizing function, but in a converb-like function as in examples (43) and (44). Since the basic function of Participles is the adjectival function, the converb-like use of Participles is reminiscent of the nonattributive, copredicative use of adjective phrases as in (45). (45) a. Zhangsan came home drunk. b. Shanti drinks the milk warm. Following Williams (1980), this use of adjectives is sometimes simply (and mis-leadingly) called predication. A more appropriate term is secondary predication (e. g., Nichols 1978) or copredication (cf. Plank 1985, Miiller-Bardey 1990). 9 Copredicative adjective phrases (and noun phrases) share several features with converbal constructions: i. Their notional subject is not expressed explicitly but depends for its refer-ence on an outside controller (this is a frequent but nonuniversal property of converbs); The converb as a cross-linguistically valid category 19 ii. syntactically they depend on the predicate rather than on the controller of their implicit subject; iii. the precise semantic relation between the copredicate and the main predicate can be determined only from the context (again, this is a feature only of a subset of converbs—contextual converbs); iv.

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