Batteries
Batteries are devices that store chemical energy and convert it into electrical energy. They consist of one or more electrochemical cells, each containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. When a circuit is connected, chemical reactions occur at the electrodes, generating a flow of electrons and producing electrical power.
6 Key excerpts on "Batteries"
eBook - ePubElectrical Equipment
A Field Guide
- B. Koti Reddy(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Wiley-Scrivener(Publisher)
...12 Storage Batteries 12.1 Introduction The purpose of a Battery, which is a group of cells connected in series, is to store electricity in the form of chemical energy and release it back as and when required. Basically the cells are of two types (i) primary cells, which are used in clocks, torch lights and cannot be recharged, so a onetime use till it discharges fully, and (ii) secondary cells, which are used for commercial and industrial purpose (which can be used for charging and discharging). They are very useful in giving back the stored energy during normal power failures or when a critical work is going on; i.e., they do the duty of critical and standby duties. They work on the principle of Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. The capacity of battery is mentioned in Ampere-hour or simply Ah. Generally it consists of two electrodes namely Anode & Cathode and an electrolyte. 12.2 Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis First law: The mass of an ion liberated at an electrolyte is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity, i.e., charge passing through it. (12.1) Where Z = Electro-chemical Equivalent (ECE) of Substance It = times current = Charge in Columbus E = Chemical Equivalent (CE) F = Faraday’s constant = (1 Farad = 1 C/V) = The charge required to liberate one gram equivalent of any substance = 96,500 Coulombs (for Silver) = 96500/3600 = 26.8 Ah Second law: The mass of different ions of different substations liberated by the same quantity of electricity are proportional to their chemical equivalent weights (12.2) 12.3 Types of Batteries There are various types of Batteries in the market, which are shown in Figure 12.1. 12.4 Dry Cell It is a primary cell for one-time use after charge and is to be discarded after a full discharge. It cannot be recharged. A dry cell consists of a metal container (Zinc) in which electrolytes exist in low moisture paste form. Zn. Cell: A simple common Zinc-Carbon cell is shown in Figure 12.2...
- Jung-Ki Park, Jung-Ki Park(Authors)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Wiley-VCH(Publisher)
...Chapter 2 The Basic of Battery Chemistry Electrochemistry is the study of electron transfer caused by redox reactions at the interface of an electron conductor, such as a metal or a semiconductor, and an ionic conductor, such as an electrolyte. Technologies based on electrochemistry include Batteries, semiconductors, etching, electrolysis, and plating. In this book, electrochemistry refers to the conversion of chemical energy into electric energy in various systems such as primary Batteries, secondary Batteries, and fuel cells. In particular, this chapter describes the electrochemical aspects of secondary Batteries. 2.1 Components of Batteries 2.1.1 Electrochemical Cells and Batteries An electrochemical cell is the smallest unit of a device that converts chemical energy to electric energy, or vice versa. In general, a battery has multiple electrochemical cells, but it may be used to refer to a single cell. An electrochemical cell consists of two different electrodes and an electrolyte. The two electrodes of different electric potential create a potential difference when immersed in the electrolyte. This potential difference is also known as electromotive force. Electric potential, denoted by V, is the potential energy of a unit charge within an electric field, and electromotive force drives current in an electric circuit. Redox reactions occur at each electrode due to this force and the generated electrons pass through the external circuit...
eBook - ePubElectric and Hybrid Vehicles
Design Fundamentals
- Iqbal Husain(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...This is certainly possible since the average daily commute is 32.8 miles/day in the United States assuming that an average vehicle is driven 12,000 miles/year. The average number of miles driven per day is much less in other countries of the world. In the following section, battery cell structure and cell chemical reactions are discussed with examples of some of the common chemistries. This will enable us to define the parameters of a battery, which are needed for the macroscopic point of view. We will then dig deeper into the theoretical aspects of a battery cell. This will enable us to model, analyze and evaluate different types of Batteries. 5.2 Battery Basics The Batteries are made of unit cells containing the stored chemical energy that can be converted to electrical energy. One or more of these electrochemical cells are connected in series to form one battery. The grouped cells are enclosed in a casing to form a battery module. A battery pack is a collection of these individual battery modules connected in a series and/or parallel combination to deliver the desired voltage and energy to the power electronic drive system. 5.2.1 Battery Cell Structure The energy stored in a battery is the difference in free energy between chemical components in the charged and discharged states. This available chemical energy in a cell is converted into electrical energy only on demand using the basic components of a unit cell; these components are the positive and negative electrodes, the separators and the electrolytes. The electrochemically active ingredient of the positive or negative electrode is called the active material. Chemical reactions take place at the two electrodes, one of which releases electrons, while the other consumes those. The electrodes must be electronically conducting and are located at different sites separated from each other by a separator as shown in Figure 5.1...
eBook - ePub- David Wyatt, Mike Tooley(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...Electrons are removed from the (positive) cathode and deposited on the (negative) anode. The electrolyte is the physical means of migration between the cathode/anode. The attraction of electrons between cathode/anode creates a potential difference across the cell; the cathode/anode are attached to external terminals for connection to the equipment or system. Material types used for the cathode/anode and electrolyte will determine the cell voltage. Key maintenance point Different battery types possess different characteristics both in terms of what they are used for, and in terms of how they should be maintained; always refer to maintenance manual instructions for servicing. Cells are categorized as either primary (where they can only be used once) or secondary (where they can be recharged). In the primary cell, the chemical activity occurs only once, i.e. during discharge. By applying current through a secondary cell in the opposite direction to that of discharging, the chemical reaction is reversed and the cell can be used again. The cathode/anode are returned to their original charged form; the cell therefore becomes a chemical means of storing electrical energy. Key maintenance point It can be dangerous to attempt charging a primary cell. In the secondary cell, the chemical activity is reversible. The energy storage capacity of a cell is determined by the amount of material available for chemical reaction. To maximize the storage capacity, the physical areas of the cathode and anode are made as large as possible, normally by constructing them as plates. Capacity is stated in ampere-hours; Batteries are rated with low or high discharge rates, either 10 hours or 1 hour. The battery’s capacity will gradually deteriorate over time depending on usage, in particular the charge and discharge rates...
eBook - ePub- S. Bobby Rauf(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...Today, in the 21st century, we find Batteries to be vital, integral, and indispensable part of our daily lives. Batteries play a crucial role in our phones, computers, watches, light sources, kitchen appurtenances, cordless tools, health care equipment, our automobiles, aircraft, and spacecrafts. Batteries are a vital link in making renewable energy sources more practical, viable, and versatile. As the 21st-century all-electric automobiles – also known as EVs, or electric vehicles – have already proven, battery-powered electric motors cannot just replace the environmentally unfriendly, depletable fuel-dependent, internal combustion engine, they can, in many ways, outperform it. The key component – and sometimes a significant constraint – in EVs, and many other types of portable or transportable electric equipment, is the battery. Therefore, to complete the introduction of engineers and non-engineers to electrical engineering, in this chapter, we will explore basic yet important facets of battery and its sustainable and safe operation. We will introduce the reader to the different types of commercially available Batteries. We will examine the construction of common Batteries, the charging and discharging characteristics of secondary Batteries, influence of temperature on the performance of Batteries, and more. While a significant portion of this chapter is devoted to fundamentals of battery technology, in this chapter, the reader will get an opportunity to learn about the not so obvious charging and discharging performance characteristics of Batteries that can be determining factors in their selection, application, and optimal performance...
- S. Bobby Rauf(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- River Publishers(Publisher)
...Batteries are a vital link in making renewable energy sources more practical, viable, and versatile. As the 21 st century all-electric automobiles — also known as EVs, or Electric Vehicles — have already proven, battery powered electric motors cannot just replace the environmentally unfriendly, depletable fuel dependent, internal combustion engine, but they can, in many ways, outperform it. The key component — and sometimes a significant constraint — in electric vehicles, and many other types of portable or transportable electric equipment, is the battery. Therefore, to complete the introduction of non-electrical engineers to electrical engineering, in this chapter we will explore basic, yet important, facets of battery, and its sustainable and safe operation. We will introduce the reader to the different types of commercially available Batteries. We will examine the construction of common Batteries, the charging and discharging characteristics of secondary Batteries, influence of temperature on the performance of Batteries, and more. While a significant portion of this chapter is devoted to fundamentals of battery technology, in this chapter, the reader will get an opportunity to learn about the not so obvious charging and discharging performance characteristics of Batteries that can be determining factors in their selection, application and optimal performance. In this text, in depth discussion of the chemistry, charging, and discharging characteristics of Batteries will focus, mainly, on the common lead-acid (SLI) battery. As is the case with all of the electrical engineering topics introduced in the earlier chapters of this text, battery technology related engineering and physics concepts, principles, and quantitative analytical methods will be explained and illustrated with the help of pictures, diagrams, and sample analytical problems...
