Physics
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is a device used to visualize and analyze the waveform of electronic signals. It displays the amplitude and frequency of the signal graphically on a screen, allowing for precise measurements and analysis. Oscilloscopes are commonly used in physics to study electrical circuits, waveforms, and signals.
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eBook - PDF- Theodore Korneff(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
14.1 The Oscilloscope The cathode-ray Oscilloscope is one of the most useful test and measurement instruments devised. Not only does it allow one to measure the magnitude of a test signal, but also it allows one to see how it varies with time. Oscilloscopes can easily measure time spans from seconds to 1 X 10~ 9 sec. Also, the quantities measured are limited only by the ingenuity of the one who desires the meas-urements. An Oscilloscope is essentially a voltage-measuring device. It shows how voltages vary with time. But such parameters as current, light intensity, temperature, and sound pressure can easily be converted to voltages and measured by an Oscilloscope. All one needs is a transducer that converts each of these param-eters into a corresponding change in current in an electric circuit. One of the components of the electric circuit should be a resistor. Then the change in current produces a proportional voltage change across the resistor. This changing voltage is amplified and dis-played by the Oscilloscope. The situation is shown in simplified form in Fig. 14.1. In this case, it is desired to display a sound wave on the Oscilloscope. A transducer M is used to convert alternating pressure waves into a varying dc current. The circuit is a simple series circuit con-sisting of the transducer M , the bias voltage E, and the load resistor R. (The bias voltage is not always necessary. Some trans-ducers are generators and produce their own emf.) The battery E produces a dc current in the simple series circuit and the trans-ducer M modulates the current by varying its resistance in ac-cordance with the impinging sound wave. The Oscilloscope's measuring leads are placed across the load resistor R to detect the resultant voltage variation ei. This voltage variation is then amplified to a useful level that can be displayed on the Oscilloscope screen. 14 Oscilloscope and Its Uses— Electronic Regulated Power Supply Fig.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 6 Oscilloscope Illustration showing the interior of a cathode-ray tube for use in an Oscilloscope. Numbers in the picture indicate: 1. Deflection voltage electrode; 2. Electron gun; 3. Electron beam; 4. Focusing coil; 5. Phosphor-coated inner side of the screen ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ A Tektronix model 475A portable analog Oscilloscope, a very typical instrument of the late 1970s An Oscilloscope (also known as a scope , CRO , DSO or, an O-scope ) is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, (horizontal or 'x' axis). Although an Oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, Oscilloscopes show events that repeat with either no change, or change slowly. Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an Oscilloscope can show distortion, the time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative timing of two related signals. Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose Oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analyzing an automotive ignition system, or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter-6 Oscilloscope Illustration showing the interior of a cathode-ray tube for use in an Oscilloscope. Numbers in the picture indicate: 1. Deflection voltage electrode; 2. Electron gun; 3. Electron beam; 4. Focusing coil; 5. Phosphor-coated inner side of the screen ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ A Tektronix model 475A portable analog Oscilloscope, a very typical instrument of the late 1970s An Oscilloscope (also known as a scope , CRO , DSO or, an O-scope ) is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, (horizontal or 'x' axis). Although an Oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, Oscilloscopes show events that repeat with either no change, or change slowly. Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an Oscilloscope can show distortion, the time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative timing of two related signals. Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose Oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analyzing an automotive ignition system, or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram.
eBook - PDFElectronics
Made Simple
- George H. Olsen(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Made Simple(Publisher)
10 THE CATHODE-RAY Oscilloscope The modern cathode-ray Oscilloscope is designed as a measuring instrument, and is the most useful of all electronic test instruments. So great is its versa-tility that workers in every branch of scientific activity now find the instrument to be almost indispensable. If limited to the purchase of a single item of electronic measuring equipment, the majority of experienced workers would select an Oscilloscope. The instrument delivers its information in the form of a graph or trace on the screen of a cathode-ray tube. By giving an immediate visual display of the amplitude and waveform of the quantity under consideration, a rapid insight is gained into the functioning of electronic and electrical circuits. Where the phenomena to be studied are not electrical—for example, the mechanical vibrations in beams and machinery, the variations of pH in a solution, temperature fluctuations, patients' heart-beats, etc.—then all that is necessary is to find suitable transducers that give output voltages that correspond to the variations of the quantities involved. Strain gauges, piezo-electric crystals and moving-coil microphones, photoelectric cells and thermocouples are examples of commonly used transducers. The electrical output of a trans-ducer is applied to the input terminals of the Oscilloscope, and the latter automatically draws out the waveform on the screen. The displaying of waveforms constitutes an important advantage over the usual moving-pointer instruments, since the latter can yield only amplitude information. The inertia of the moving parts of such electromechanical systems as moving-coil meters, potentiometric and other pen recorders, etc., imposes a severe limitation on the maximum signal frequency to which such instruments can respond. The Oscilloscope, on the other hand, is a truly electronic instru-ment having no moving parts except the beam of electrons, which is, for all practical purposes, inertialess.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter 6 Oscilloscope Illustration showing the interior of a cathode-ray tube for use in an Oscilloscope. Numbers in the picture indicate: 1. Deflection voltage electrode; 2. Electron gun; 3. Electron beam; 4. Focusing coil; 5. Phosphor-coated inner side of the screen ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ A Tektronix model 475A portable analog Oscilloscope, a very typical instrument of the late 1970s An Oscilloscope (also known as a scope , CRO , DSO or, an O-scope ) is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, (horizontal or 'x' axis). Although an Oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, Oscilloscopes show events that repeat with either no change, or change slowly. Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an Oscilloscope can show distortion, the time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative timing of two related signals. Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose Oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analyzing an automotive ignition system, or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram. Originally all Oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes as their display element and linear amplifiers for signal processing, (commonly referred to as CROs) however, modern Oscilloscopes have LCD or LED screens, fast analog-to-digital converters and digital signal processors.
eBook - ePub- Clay Rawlins(Author)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- Newnes(Publisher)
Figure 3.1 .Figure 3.1 A Typical Analog Oscilloscope (Courtesy of Leader Instruments Corporation)In the last two chapters, it was explained how dc and ac voltages versus time are graphed as shown in Figure 3.2 . The Oscilloscope is capable of displaying an ac or dc voltage graphed versus time as shown in Figure 3.3 . The Oscilloscope, then, might be called a “visual voltmeter.” But, in fact, it is more than just a voltmeter; the scope actually displays waveforms so that the intricacies of waveforms can be observed clearly. It is an instrument that converts electrical signals to visual waveforms on a screen.Figure 3.2 Plots of: a. DC Voltage; b. AC VoltageFigure 3.3 Scope Face with AC and DC Waveforms DisplayedAn Oscilloscope performs three basic functions: One of these is waveform observation . The scope allows the size and shape and type of waveform to be observed. A second function is amplitude measurement . The Oscilloscope vertical deflection is calibrated on the screen so that actual voltage amplitudes can be measured. The third function is a measurement of time . The Oscilloscope sweep across the screen horizontally is calibrated in time increments which allows the measurement of time periods or time duration.There are many different types of Oscilloscopes in use today. Figures 3.1 and 3.4
eBook - PDFElectronic Measurements
A Practical Approach
- Farzin Asadi, Kei Eguchi(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Springer(Publisher)
87 C H A P T E R 4 Oscilloscope 4.1 INTRODUCTION The Oscilloscope is most likely the most important measurement device. Oscilloscopes permit you to see the voltage waveforms. The Oscilloscopes could be divided into two groups: analog os- cilloscopes and digital Oscilloscopes. Examples of an analog Oscilloscope and digital Oscilloscope are shown in Figs. 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. Analog Oscilloscopes use a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) in order to show the waveforms. A CRT sample is shown in Fig. 4.3. A CRT is a glass envelope which is deep, heavy, and fragile. The interior is evacuated to approximately 0.01 Pascal’s to 133 nano Pascal’s to facilitate the free flight of electrons from the gun(s) to the tube’s face without scattering due to collisions with air molecules. The face is typically made of thick lead glass or special barium-strontium glass to be shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. CRTs make up most of the weight of an analog Oscilloscope. The structure of CRT is shown in Fig. 4.4. The input waveform to the Oscilloscope with the aid of deflecting coils deflects the electron beam coming from the heated cathode and after the electrons hit the fluorescent screen, an image appears on the screen. Analog Oscilloscopes are heavier than digital Oscilloscopes. Digital Oscilloscopes don’t use CRT. The digital Oscilloscopes use LCD screens. The digital Oscilloscopes use Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) in order to sample the input waveform. These samples will be used in order to form the image on the screen (Fig. 4.5). The digital Oscilloscopes are more flexible than the analog ones. They could do a lot of mea- surements automatically. For instance, they could measure RMS or average value of a complex signal, measurement of duty ratio of pulses, measurement of peak-to-peak voltage measurement, measurement of settling time of waveforms, etc. These days, the price of a digital Oscilloscope is quite affordable.
eBook - PDFPlanar Microwave Engineering
A Practical Guide to Theory, Measurement, and Circuits
- Thomas H. Lee(Author)
- 2004(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
C H A P T E R N I N E T E E N SAMPLING OscilloscopeS, SPECTRUM ANALYZERS, AND PROBES 19.1 INTRODUCTION Oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers are ubiquitous pieces of test equipment in any RF laboratory. The reason, of course, is that it is useful to study signals in both time and frequency domains, despite the fact that both presentations theoretically provide equivalent information. Most electrical engineers are familiar with basic operational principles of lower-frequency Oscilloscopes. However, an incomplete understanding of how probes be-have (particularly with respect to grounding technique) is still remarkably wide-spread. The consequences of this ignorance only become worse as the frequency increases and so, after a brief review of a conventional low-frequency scope, our primary focus will be the additional considerations one must accommodate when using scopes at gigahertz frequencies. Also, because the sampling Oscilloscopes commonly used at high frequencies have subtle ways of encouraging “pilot error,” we’ll spend some time studying how they work and how to avoid being fooled by them. High-speed sampling circuits are interesting in their own right, so these types of scopes give us a nice excuse to spend a little bit of time examining how samplers function. Another amazing instrument is the modern spectrum analyzer (with cost approxi-mately proportional to the square of amazement), which is capable of making mea-surements over a wide dynamic range (e.g., 80–100 dB SFDR) and over a large frequency span (e.g., near DC to 20 GHz in a single instrument). To maximize the utility of this equipment and to avoid common measurement errors, it’s important to understand their internal architecture as well as the character-istics of the probes or other fixturing that connect the instruments to the device under test. We begin with a brief overview of ordinary continuous time Oscilloscopes. 613
eBook - PDFTest Gear and Measurements
A Collection of Useful and Tested Circuit Design Ideas'
- David Stewart OBE D.Litt.h.c.(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Newnes(Publisher)
7 Oscilloscopes The cathode ray Oscilloscope (CRO, or 'scope for short) merely displays a waveform: however simple or complex, and leaves the viewer to form his own impression. It is not strictly a wave analyser like a harmonic analyser or spectrum analyser, although is often mistaken to do so. These last two actually separate the wave components, e.g. fundamental wave from harmonics. The scope dis-plays all components as an integral whole. Nevertheless, it is a most useful tool and no laboratory is ever without one. Most service departments also own one if they can afford it. 133 Test gear and measurements Cathode ray tube features Central to CRO operation is the tube itself, see Figure 7.1. The gun at the base of the tube emits electrons. The electron stream is accelerated by anodes at high potentials, (typically 1000 V) and deflected horizontally and vertically by deflecting plates so that they trace the required pattern on the screen. The screen is coated with phosphor dots which glow for a fixed period. Next to the cathode is a cylindrical con-trol grid made of nickel. The intensity control on the CRO is connected to this grid which is negative with respect to the cathode. Turning the intensity control down makes the grid more negative hence reducing the electron beam. The focusing anode is placed in between the two accel-erating anodes and a CRO control marked focus helps produce a nice sharp trace. F i g u r e 7.1 Cathode ray tube 134 Oscilloscopes Signai In Vertical amplifier Vertical amplifier Delay line Vertical amplifier T i m e base Horizontal generator amplifier F i g u r e 7.2 Cathode ray o s c i l l o s c o p e 135 C R O operation In order for the cathode ray tube to function it must be supplied by voltages to its gun, anodes and deflection plates, see Figure 7.2. The horizontal sweep is a sawtooth waveform which is applied to the horizontal deflection plates.
eBook - PDF- Keith Brindley(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Newnes(Publisher)
Such mainframe Oscilloscopes utilize plug-in units which the user selects for personal requirements. These Oscilloscopes are gen-erally of extremely high quality, but the plug-in modular nature keeps equipment cost d o w n to a respectable level, as the user only buys those items needed at any one time. Further purchases of other modules can then be made at later times, as needed. Although the cathode ray tube has always pre-viously been the only device suitable for display purposes in the Oscilloscope, the liquid crystal display (LCD) has made its entry. Although liquid crystal displays have a strictly limited response, which defines their use only in low bandwidth Oscilloscopes, they do have the advantage of low power consumption. Truly portable (that is, battery powered) Oscilloscopes are n o w possible, and at least one manufacturer markets such an LCD-based Oscilloscope. Signal sources Photo 5.1 Philips PM5193 programmable frequency synthesiser/ function generator (PYE Unicam) More by default than by design, signal sources are generally categorised into two areas: audio frequency and radio frequency sources. Again by default, those sources which produce audio frequency signals are usually called low frequency oscillators, and those which produce radio frequency signals are usually called signal generators. However, there's no logical reason for all this and, as we'll see, a number of illogicalities arise with the annotation. In short, signal sources are generally used to produce signals which are applied to circuits; to test those circuits' performances in the design, manufacture and service stages of their lives. It follows that the signal source used to test any particular circuit must be of the right type: for example, an audio amplifier could not be tested with a radio frequency signal -rather obvious, but it needs stating. This, of course, is where the main 5 Signal sources 63 categorisation of signal sources into audio and radio frequencies came about.
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