Politics & International Relations
Models of Development
Models of development refer to theoretical frameworks used to understand and analyze the process of economic, social, and political advancement within societies. These models can include modernization theory, dependency theory, and world-systems theory, each offering distinct perspectives on the factors and dynamics that drive development. They are often used to inform policies and strategies aimed at promoting growth and progress in different parts of the world.
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7 Key excerpts on "Models of Development"
eBook - PDFImpacts of Participatory Development in Afghanistan: A Call to Reframe Expectations
The National Solidarity Programme in the Community of Shah Raheem
- Mary Beth Wilson(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- De Gruyter(Publisher)
This made room for different understandings and conceptual-izations of development to emerge over the past four decades. It, how-ever, still used other countries’ historical modernization as a development model, keeping the concept of development unilinear, with a clearly defined path. Additionally, dependency theorists looked upon the population of the State, and especially the rural population, as units of workforce. Their worth was in being a workforce, and nothing else. The popula-tion was not recognized as a development actor, this role remained at the State level. This would change dramatically as participatory ap-proaches gained favor. As has been shown, though seen as fundamentally opposing theo-ries, modernization theory and dependency theory are based upon many of the same assumptions: there is a path towards development that leads towards imitation of North American and European coun-tries, the State is the main actor, and economic development is the main indicator of success. These two theories, and the forthcoming world system theory, which is based upon the tenets of dependency theory, 51 can be categorized as classical approaches to development. Though the theories of course differ regarding some of the understandings of why a country is undeveloped, they still evaluate this based upon economic indicators and hope to resolve it through the implementation of top-down development approaches that engage the State, but not the peo-ple of the State. These classical approaches continue to inform many development projects and programs worldwide today, but they now share time and money with alternative development approaches that have emerged in response to the failures of these classical approaches. 1.2.5 Expanding the Definition of Development beyond Economics: Shifts towards Participation These alternative development approaches begin with the emergence of different understandings of the indicators used to measure develop-ment.
eBook - PDFUnderstanding Third World Politics
Theories of Political Change and Development
- Brian Smith(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Red Globe Press(Publisher)
Furthermore, defining development in terms of direction, rather than content, means that anything that happens must be seen as part of the process of development. The concept loses util-ity as it loses precision and specific content (Kothari, 1968; Huntington, 1971). Thus, modernization theory can be accused of denying underdeveloped countries their own histories, ignoring the connections between these histories and the histories of developed countries, overlooking the fact that penetration by foreign influences had not produced development or led to ‘take off’, and misrepresenting the histories of today’s developed countries as not having benefited from the exploitation of the underdeveloped soci-eties (Frank, 1972b). Underestimating the significance of such historical factors was compounded by a lack of consideration of continuing relationships with the powerful economies of the West. Continuities from colonialism that call the significance of political independence into question were ignored, especially economic and military aid programmes, interventions by inter-national financial organizations such as the World Bank, and investments by multi-national corporations (Pratt, 1973). In 1987, Almond attempted to rebut the charge that developmentalism’s theory of change was unilinear, arguing that developmentalists had always recognized that new states might develop authoritarian (rather than demo-cratic, pluralist) tendencies. He also claimed that the school never neglected international influences on domestic politics. However, it is noticeable that he restricted his refutation of the unilinearity charge to an The Developing Political System 47 awareness of authoritarianism. He did not attempt to answer the criticism that modernization theorists ignored the implications of colonialism and continuing economic dependency for the current autonomy of Third World countries.
eBook - PDF- Riad A. Attar(Author)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- Emerald Group Publishing Limited(Publisher)
CHAPTER 5 THEORIES AND MODELS There is no single point of view for people considering international politics. Rather, there are several perspectives from which political issues are assessed and different approaches to tackling problems encountered by decision makers at domestic and international levels. There are some fundamental traditions in world politics with which most students of international relations are familiar: realism, liberalism, and radicalism. As the international system has evolved (beginning with the Thirty Years’ War that ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 until the present), the contradictions among those traditions have not centered on pure philosophical grounds. Instead, the core of the debate has always concerned the politics of economics regardless of the philosophical question under consideration. Allocation of resources has been the crucial factor in the continuous struggle among realists, liberals, and radicals. They can agree that there is a relationship between politics and economics, but they disagree on the nature of that relationship or, in other words, the extent of political influence in economic affairs. According to Frieden and Lake (2000, p. 1) , ‘‘International political economy is the study of the interplay of economics and politics in the world arena. In the most general sense, the economy can be defined as the system of producing, distributing, and using wealth; politics is the set of institu-tions and rules by which social and economic interactions are governed.’’ Political economy has a variety of meanings. For some, the term is defined as the study of the political basis of economic actions, the ways in which government policies affect market operations. Others see it as the economic basis of political action, the ways in which economic forces mold government policies ( ibid. ).
eBook - PDFInternational Development
Issues and Challenges
- Damien Kingsbury, John McKay, Janet Hunt(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Red Globe Press(Publisher)
Finally, the question of democracy and freedom raises the question of how far we see development as being a process initiated and implemented by outside forces and actors, or as an essentially an internal transformation fuelled by local initiative and self-help. The emphasis in the field on the role of outside ‘experts’, the inculcation of new and foreign values and methods, and the central role of aid all have conspired to downgrade the role of local mobilization. This is especially true in an era of globalization, when many commenta-tors predict that cultural and economic convergence on some kind of international best practice is bound to take place. In the present era, the whole question of the relationships between globalization and develop-ment theory is opening up as a new battleground in the conflict of ideas 56 International Development and ideologies (see, for example, Jomo and Nagaraj 2001 ; Petras and Veltmeyer 2001 ; Schuurman 2001 ; McKay 2014 ). Theories of modernization None of the complexities, counterarguments or self-doubts introduced in the previous section was allowed to cloud the simple but powerful message espoused by the proponents of modernization theory. During the 1960s and part of the 1970s, within all of the social sciences there appeared studies in aspects of modernization, each couched in the dis-tinctive language and concepts of the particular discipline but all car-rying the same beguiling promise: all nations, however poor, were able, with the implementation of ‘correct’ policies, to achieve a modern standard of living by following exactly the same growth path as that pioneered by the Western nations. Examples of such studies can be found in sociology, geography and political science; however, it was in economics that the seminal work was published, with the appearance of Rostow’s The Stages of Economic Growth (1960). But this is more than just a study in econom-ics, which is part of the reason for its influence over the years.
eBook - PDFEducation and National Development
A Comparative Perspective
- Ingemar Faegerlind, Lawrence J. Saha(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Pergamon(Publisher)
Political Development As with other concepts relating to development, the notion o f political development is broad and not easily defined. Perhaps the most widely accepted definition is that put forth b y Coleman ( 1 9 6 5 ) in the following passage. For Coleman, political development is: . . . the acquisition b y a political system o f a consciously- Education, Political Mobilization and Development 119 sought and qualitatively new and enhanced, political capacity as manifested in the successful institutionalization o f (1) new patterns o f integration regulating and containing the tensions and conflicts produced b y increased differentiation, and (2) new patterns o f participation and resource distribution ade-quately responsive to the demands generated by the imperatives o f equality (p. 1 5 , italics ours). The key concepts are clearly those o f integration and participation. Integration refers to the extent to which a society is able to create unity and solidarity among its people, and to bring about a sense o f national identity over and above that generated b y family, tribe, village or region. In many developing societies the problem o f inte-gration relates to the creation o f independent nation-states where none previously existed, and where colonial or other ethnic or social identities had previously prevailed. For the developed societies, the problem o f integration may be different, but n o less real. The c o n c e p t o f political participation is almost self-explanatory. The underlying assumption here is that a population in which there is extensive political mobilization, either through voting, interest in, or reading about political matters, is preferable to one in which the masses are politically inactive or stagnant. S o m e , o f course, may disagree with this assumption and contend that if political partici-pation leads to political instability, then it is difficult to argue that development has taken place.
eBook - PDFComparative Politics
Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
- Jeffrey Kopstein, Mark Lichbach, Stephen E. Hanson(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
Some of these developmental paths allow a country to achieve significant power over rival nations; others end in failure – and still other developmental paths succeed for a time, only to fail at a later point. (4) Each country’s developmental path to the modern world has feedback effects on its domestic interests, identities, and institutions. If a developmental strategy produces positive outcomes, those who benefit from it and who identify with it most strongly will likely fight to maintain it. If a strategy leads to political unrest, economic crisis, and/or military defeat, by contrast, calls for radical change to domestic interests, identities, and institutions may emerge. (5) Finally, each country’s developmental path to the modern world has feedback effects on the global context as well. If a country becomes a model for emulation around the world, if it produces goods exported internationally, or if it conquers its neighbors, such results will shape the environment in which other countries seek to advance their own interests, identities, and institutions. The failure of a particular developmental strategy, however, can have equally profound effects on the global context – as in the case of the defeat of fascism in World War II or the collapse of the communist Soviet Union in 1991. Table 2.1 The Framework of Analysis (5) International Relations Feedback (2) Domestic (1) Global Context Interests (3) Development Path to the Modern World Identities Institutions (4) Comparative Politics Feedback The Framework of Analysis 17 Our approach allows us to raise important empirical questions about comparing govern-ments and to refine our ideas about how to evaluate good and bad governments. Let us turn to each of the five parts of our framework. Global Context Our world has always been interconnected. People have always migrated over long dis-tances in search of economic benefits or to flee disease, poverty, and oppression.
eBook - PDFEmployment and Development under Globalization
State and Economy in Brazil
- S. Cohn(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
33 3 O’Connorian Models of Development: How States Literally Build Economic Growth Chapter 1 made a strong argument that the state policies that create employment and reduce poverty in the Third World are often the same policies that create employment and reduce poverty in the wealthy nations. This is in contrast to models of “late development” where the role of the state is to compensate for some kind of handicaps that peripheral and semi-peripheral economies face when dealing with adverse market and political pressures from the core. This is not to say that these adverse pressures do not exist. Nor is it maintained that com- pensatory strategies do not work. There is a distinguished pedigree of outstanding analysis in development sociology and economics ranging from Alexander Gershenkron (1962), to Peter Evans (1979) to Dani Rodrik (2007) who have established without a doubt that there are unique developmental strategies that apply to poor nations and to specific poor nations … and that these distinctive strategies can be very effective. That said, an exclusive focus on “late development oriented” inter- ventions can draw attention away from other effective state policies that are common to rich and poor nations alike. The porcupine may need quills in order to protect itself from the lion. However, both the porcupine and the lion have to breathe oxygen. This chapter focuses on the “oxygen”, those common policies available to core govern- ments and the peripheral governments alike that promote economic development. A focus on common policy does not force the theorist into 1950s style functionalism or convergence theory. Nor does it require the analyst to ignore fundamental adverse trends within globalization that gut state effectiveness and inhibit the ability of local technocrats within the government apparatus to implement effective policies autonomously. Any serious analysis of state policy in the Third World
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