Carl Jung

12 Key excerpts on "Carl Jung"

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  Encyclopedia of Counseling

  • Frederick T. Leong, Frederick T. L. Leong(Authors)
  • 2008(Publication Date)
  • SAGE Publications, Inc

    (Publisher)

  JUNG, CARL (1875–1961) Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss-German psychoanalyst who, with Sigmund Freud, was instrumental in usher- ing depth psychology (theories of the unconscious) into the 20th century. Jung was educated at the University of Zurich and as a young man he developed the concept of the autonomous, unconscious complex and the technique of free association, well before joining forces with Freud’s Viennese School. Along with Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud, Jung worked to advance the con- cept of unconscious motivation. Despite their initial collaboration, however, Jung broke with Freud over the latter’s reductionist, psychosexual view of the unconscious and his own espousal of phenomena that Freud regarded as occult. Just before the outbreak of World War I, Jung expe- rienced a spontaneous series of “visions” that nearly led him to psychosis. These visions awoke in him a revolutionary appreciation of how close his own unconscious life was to the primitive myths and ritu- als of humankind. The importance of occult experi- ences was apparent in Jung’s first published paper, “On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena.” In Jung’s writings, the uncon- scious encompassed not only the biological drives that Freud had emphasized, but also those “spiritual” or occult aspirations that Jung believed were just as inte- gral and innate a part of human individuality. Thus, Jung acknowledged forces within the human psyche for which the Freudian view had little explanation. This fundamental difference in their view of the human personality ultimately led to their break. In formulating his theories on the collective uncon- scious and the archetypes, Jung posited an unconscious— and hereditary—source for all of humankind’s creative endeavors and spiritual yearnings.

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  A Critical History and Philosophy of Psychology

  Diversity of Context, Thought, and Practice

  • Richard T. G. Walsh, Thomas Teo, Angelina Baydala(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  Moreover, he openly broke with medicine, founding an independent school of thought with its own organization, journals, and training requirements. As the founder of psychoanalysis, Freud ’ s thought had an enormous in fl uence not only on gen-erations of psychoanalysts but also on psychiatrists, psychologists, and Western culture in general. Many scholars consider him as one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century, stimulating a major shift in thinking comparable to the thought of Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, and Friedrich Nietzsche (Ellenberger, 1970 ; R. Smith, 1997 ). Part 3 Carl Jung and analytical psychology .................................................................................. Whereas Freud initiated a new science of the individual unconscious, Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist, focused on collective dimensions of unconscious psychology. Many Jungians insist that Jungian “ analytical psychology ” is distinct from the lineage of psychoanalytic thinkers and should be considered on its own terms (Shamdasani, 2003 ; E. Taylor, 1996 ). However, more recently, Jungians in the USA are exploring overlapping interests across analytical and psychoanalytic theory and practice (Eisold, 2002 ). After describing the social and intellectual context for Jung ’ s perspective we outline two aspects of his general theory: archetypes and psychological types; describe his therapeutic analysis; and discuss the current signi fi cance of his work. Social – intellectual context Much of the information on Jung ’ s life is coloured by a famous 1963 biography, Memories, Dreams and Re fl ections edited by Aniela Jaffé. This work was allegedly autobiographical; however, Jung never saw or approved it before publication (Shamdasani, 2003 ). Consequently, more professional biographies and documentary studies need to be considered (Elms, 2005 ). Part 3 Carl Jung and analytical psychology 413 There has been some controversy regarding Jung ’ s role during German fascism.

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  Routledge Library Editions: Jung

  • Various(Author)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Indeed, one can ask the question: what is psychology without a focus on the psyche itself? Depth psychology, of which I regardjung's theories as the most valuable and useful, is concerned with the inner world, and in this sense it is occupied with 1 making objective or knowable to consciousness the subjective or inner world. It is its very occupation with the inner subjective world as opposed to the objective outer world that means the psychology depends very much on the psyche of the psychologist. In other words, as Jung himself said, the closer psychology reflects its subject-matter, the psyche, the more it merges with the psychologist himself. In so doing, it becomes like music or painting, an art form and always a subjective state. Nowhere is this merging of psychology and psychologist more clearly seen than in the person of Carl Gustav Jung. In fact, his immense theoretical edifice can in the most basic of terms be seen as an attempt to reconcile and integrate the subjective and objective within himself. It seems to me ludicrous, particularly in this area of inner subjective-orientated or dynamic psychology, to separate the ideas out from the personality of the man to whom the ideas occur-red. Hence the bulk of this first chapter will be con-cerned with}ung's personal background, followed by an attempt to distil from this the personal images and myths that may have been moving Carl Gustav Jung and propelling him to make sense of this inner experi-ence. Finally, I will attempt to give a brief synopsis of the Jungian perspective that emerged from this com-plex fabric of}ung's personal life. PERSONAL BACKGROUND Carl Gustav Jung was hom on 26July 1875 in the small Swiss village of Kesswil on Lake Constance. He was the only surviving son of a Swiss Reformed Church pastor. Two brothers died in infancy, before Jung was 2 born, and his only sister was born nine years later.

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  Psychology and Catholicism

  Contested Boundaries

  • Robert Kugelmann(Author)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  Most telling of all is the increasing presence among us of those who are “spiritual but not religious” (Fuller, 2001; Saroglou, 2003), those simultaneously secularized and engaged with the sacred. If we turn to the question of spirituality in psychology, in relation to the Catholic Church, the work of Carl Jung (1875–1961) is most prominent. One of 203 the most important psychologists of the twentieth century, his work rarely finds a place in academic psychology, although it has influenced literary, religious, and cultural studies in the universities. Jungian psychology verges on “pop” psychology, despite Jung’s enormous erudition, and despite the lack of the easy optimism and the positive thinking that characterizes popular spiritualized psychology. Jungian psychology thrives at independent institutes and through the practice of analytical psychology. It has shown its vitality, moreover, with those, such as James Hillman, who continue to invigorate it. Catholic takes on Jung and the Jungians are various as well, and this chapter addresses Catholic (mis)appropriations of Jung. For the most part, Catholics in psychology who took Jung seriously were not those who sought to develop a natural scientific psychology. For the latter group, Jung was out-of-bounds, since he did not follow the canons of positiv- istic psychology; and because Jung was a physician and part of the Freud– Adler–Jung trinity, he was not of immediate concern to the experimentalists. But since Jung took seriously the questions of soul, symbol, and ritual, of the significance of religious and spiritual life in relationship to psychological well- being, there were others who were drawn to Jung. At the same time, Jung’s views of Christianity were not orthodox, especially if by orthodox one means Neoscholastic.

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  The Essence of Jung's Psychology and Tibetan Buddhism

  Western and Eastern Paths to the Heart

  • Radmila Moacanin(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Wisdom Publications

    (Publisher)

  59 In alchemy he found a correspondence to his psychology, which gave his work a confirmation of its validity. It was not, however, the end product of Jung’s creative journey, for he did not stop with psychology: he went beyond it.

  COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

  Jung’s greatest contribution to psychology was his theory of the collective unconscious. He argued that this concept was not a speculative idea or a philosophical postulate, but that there was an empirical proof for it.60 He defines the collective unconscious as the part of the psyche that owes its existence exclusively to heredity, and not to personal experiences that had been conscious at one time and then disappeared from consciousness. The latter is the layer of the psyche that he calls the personal unconscious and that contains all the material that the individual has merely forgotten or repressed, either deliberately or unintentionally.61 Thus Jung makes the distinction between the personal unconscious, the subjective psyche, and the objective psyche that he calls the impersonal, transpersonal, or collective unconscious. He discovered the collective unconscious through his own dreams and visions, as well as those of his patients, including fantasies of schizophrenics. He observed that all this material often contained mythological motifs and religious symbols. Jung then came to the following conclusion:

  In addition to our immediate consciousness, which is of a thoroughly personal nature and which we believe to be the only empirical psyche (even if we tack on the personal unconscious as an appendix), there exists a second psychic system of a collective, universal, and impersonal nature which is identical in all individuals. This collective unconscious does not develop individually but is inherited. It consists of pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents.62

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  An Introduction to the Psychology of Dreaming

  • Kelly Bulkeley Ph.D.(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Praeger

    (Publisher)

  The dream quoted above is the earliest Jung could remember, one that never stopped haunting him. Throughout his life, Jung experienced powerful dreams that inspired, shaped, and guided his psychological research. 30 An Introduction to the Psychology of Dreaming As Memories, Dreams, Reflections makes clear, Jung’s personal life and professional work were intimately connected. This chapter will begin by describing some key aspects of Jung’s life—his childhood dreams, his relationship with Freud, and his “confrontation with the unconscious.” Then it will outline the basic elements of his theory of dreams and relate that theory to his general model of psychological development. Jung’s Life Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875 in a small village near Basel, Swit- zerland. He was brought up in a sternly Protestant household—his father, Paul, was a country parson and his mother, Emilie, was a minister’s daughter. The gloomy religious atmosphere at home, combined with the various physical ills that afflicted everyone in the family, led the young Carl to become absorbed in his own private games, fantasies, and dreams. Jung says that his dream of the frightening “man-eater” in the cave showed him that the Lord Jesus was not the only power in the universe: “Through this childhood dream I was initiated into the secrets of the earth” (1965, 15). The religion of his father could not explain the occur- rence of such strange dreams and visions, so Jung gradually developed the idea that there were two personalities living within him—personality number 1, the Swiss schoolboy and son of his parents, and personality number 2, an older, wiser, very mysterious man who came from the dis- tant past. As he got older Jung decided to study medicine, as a compromise between personality number 1’s interest in scientific knowledge and per- sonality number 2’s fascination with the mysteries of nature. He soon focused on psychiatry and in 1900 took a post at the Burholzi Mental Hospital in Zurich.

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  Freud, Jung, Klein - The Fenceless Field

  Essays on Psychoanalysis and Analytical Psychology

  • Michael Fordham, Dr Roger Hobdell, Roger Hobdell, Dr Roger Hobdell, Roger Hobdell(Authors)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Part II On analytical psychology Passage contains an image 4

  The development and status of Jung’s researches1

  Source: British Journal of Medical Psychology, 20(3) (1945)

  INTRODUCTION

  Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875, the son of a Swiss pastor and philologist of Basel, Switzerland; he is one of a select number of pioneers who have, in the last half-century, laid the foundations of a scientific psychology of the unconscious. His path has taken him into regions where science had not previously been applied with success,2 and again and again many have supposed him lost to its disciplines. I believe that their view is mistaken. His grasp of scientific method has always formed the basis of his researches and they have an inner consistency which it is the object of this paper to reveal.

  Jung is first and foremost an investigator, and therefore many of his theories have been altered or abandoned as they proved inadequate to the phenomena under consideration. This appears to bewilder some of his readers, who mistakenly expect a logically coherent structure, but in a germinating science this could not be attained. In any case Jung is no system builder, as he realizes when he says

  it is my firm conviction that the time for an all-inclusive theory, taking in and presenting all the contents, processes and phenomena of the psyche from one central viewpoint, has not yet come by a long way. I regard my theories as suggestions and attempts at the formulation of a new scientific concept of psychology based, in the first place, upon immediate experience with human beings.3

  Jung’s first idea was to become an archaeologist, but this was stillborn; its occurrence is interesting, however, because of its symbolic reference. Evidently this is the first intimation, in a different form, of his later psychological ‘excavations’ into the collective unconscious.

  His first realized professional aim was to study medicine and he qualified as a doctor in 1900. Psychiatry had not attracted him; on the contrary, it was assumed that he would take up physiological chemistry for which he had shown a special aptitude. One day, however, he picked up Krafft-Ebing’s Text-Book of Psychiatry

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  A History of Modern Psychology

  • Duane Schultz(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  If a particular word produced a long response time» irregularity in breathing, and a change in skin conductivity, Jung deduced the existence of an unconscious emotional problem connected with the stimulus word or with the reply. Comment Jung has influenced not only psychology and psychiatry, but also re-hgion, history, art, and literature. Arnold Toynbee, Philip Wylie, and Lewis Mumford, among many others, have acknowledged him as a source 334 PSYCHOANALYSIS: AFTER THE FOUNDING of inspiration (Hall & Lindzey, 1970). Scientific psychology has for the most part ignored Jung's analytical psychology. Aside from the fact that not all of his books were translated into Enghsh until 1966, his less than lucid writing style impedes understanding. Further, his disdain for tradi-tional scientific methods repels experimentally oriented psychologists, to whom Jung appeals even less than Freud, for Jung's writings contain a great deal of mysticism and religion. The same kinds of criticisms noted in relation to Freud's supporting evidence are applicable to Jung, as he too relied on chnical observation and interpretation rather than controlled laboratory investigation. Analy-tical psychology has received less searching criticism than Freudianism, probably because Freud's overpowering stature in psychoanalysis rele-gates Jung (and others) to second place in terms of professional attention. This is not to deny Jung's eminence and importance: His ideas are thought-provoking and novel, and he presents an optimistic concept of man that many find a welcome change from Freud. Jung was a scholarly, vital personality who inspired great loyalty in his adherents. There have been signs of a growing Jungian influence in recent years, particularly among youth. Jung's attention to such areas as occultism, mysticism, consciousness expanding, and self-fulflllment appears compatible with the interests of many young people in the Western world.

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  Theories of Personality

  • Duane P. Schultz; Sydney Ellen Schultz, Duane Schultz, Sydney Schultz(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Each individual is unique, in Jung ’ s view, but only during the first half of life. When some progress toward individuation is made in middle age, we develop what Jung desig-nated as a universal kind of personality in which no single aspect is dominant. Thus, uniqueness disappears, and we can no longer be described as one or another particular psychological type. Jung presented a more positive, hopeful image of human nature than Freud did, and his optimism is apparent in his view of personality development. We are motivated to grow and develop, to improve and extend our selves. Progress does not stop in child-hood, as Freud had assumed, but continues throughout life. Jung believed that we always have the hope of becoming better. Jung argued that the human species also con-tinues to improve. Present generations represent a significant advance over our primi-tive ancestors. Despite his basic optimism, Jung expressed concern about a danger he saw facing Western culture. He referred to this danger as a sickness of dissociation. By placing too great an emphasis on materialism, reason, and empirical science, we are in danger of failing to appreciate the forces of the unconscious. We must not abandon our trust in the archetypes that form our heritage. Thus, Jung ’ s hopefulness about human nature was a watchful, warning kind. Assessment in Jung ’ s Theory Jung ’ s techniques for assessing the functioning of the psyche drew on science and the supernatural, resulting in both an objective and a mystical approach. He investigated a variety of cultures and eras, studying their symbols, myths, religions, and rituals.

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  The Innateness of Myth

  A New Interpretation of Joseph Campbell's Reception of C.G. Jung

  • Ritske Rensma(Author)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • Continuum

    (Publisher)

  This development of his ideas, however, didn’t stop after he had written those intuitions down in Psychology of the unconscious . In a way, it was just beginning. According to Peter Homans, Jung had already gone through four distinct phases in his development as early as 1918. 11 In my opinion, the most important alteration Jung made to his ideas (the distinction between the archetype-as-such and the ‘archetypal image’, which plays an important role in this chapter and the next one) was only developed by him as late as 1946. Analysing Jung’s ideas non-chronologically, then, is a luxury one cannot allow oneself when studying Jung. According to Peter Homans, however, much of the secondary literature about Jung does fall victim to this mistake: [Most of the secondary literature about Jung] assumes – and communi-cates to readers – that his thought is a static array of isolated ideas about the origins and nature of the psyche. 12 For this reason, a chronological approach to the study of Jung’s ideas such as the one Homans advocates is exactly what I will take in this chapter. In it, I will be laying the foundations for the chapters to come by giving an overview of the way Jung’s ideas developed over time. Only after this devel-opment has been sketched will I be able to deal with the question as to how these ideas should be interpreted in the next chapter (Chapter 3, in which I will focus specifically on Anthony Stevens’ interpretation of Jung). In these two chapters I will focus primarily on the image of the psyche Jung saw vali-dated in his dream of 1909: the theory of the collective unconscious, and the concept of the archetype which lies at the root of it. The idea that there is a phylogenetic layer in the psyche of man which consists of archetypes is perhaps what Jung is most well known for. As Anthony Stevens claims, this idea should be seen as the theoretical ‘essence’ of Jung’s body of work: The archetype .

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  Emerson and Eros

  The Making of a Cultural Hero

  • Len Gougeon(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • SUNY Press

    (Publisher)

  CHAPTER 1 PSYCHOMYTHIC HUMANISM Re-centering Reality “The eye is the first circle.” —R. W. Emerson, “Circles” With humanity emerging from the devastation of World War II and facing the challenges of a reality increasingly under the threat of nuclear annihilation, the second half of the twenti- eth century was a time of both hope and fear. During this pe- riod, as the fragments of Western civilization were gradually being reorganized into a new political world order, a number of important and diverse studies appeared that were strongly influenced by the psycho- logical theories of Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. These works tended to be intellectually eclectic, and far-reaching in scope. Drawing from a wide spectrum of psychological, mythological, philosophical, anthropological, historical, and aesthetic disciplines, these studies sought to present, in the context of vast social fragmentation, a unified and coherent vision of human experience on both an individual and social level. In essence, they sought to rediscover, in T. S. Eliot’s words, “a still point in the turning world,” a meaningful center of human identity. The key to this identity resided, for the most part, in the inner, unconscious realm of the human psyche. In their writings, these “psychomythic humanists” recapitulated, in remarkably similar ways, the unifying thrust of Emerson’s mature Tran- scendentalism, which sought to answer a similar need in a similar fashion a century before. Among these studies are: Erich Neumann’s The Origins and History of Consciousness (1949); Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949); Mircea Eliade’s, The Myth of the Eternal Return: or Cosmos and History (1949); and Norman O. Brown’s Life Against Death (1959), and Love’s Body (1966). In the search for unity, all of these 21 works basically attempt to identify and define those primal and universal patterns, commonly known as “archetypes,” that manifest themselves in various aspects of human experience.

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  Bibliography

  • Jacques Waardenburg(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter

    (Publisher)

  Α., Archetype and Aion, British Medical Journal, I (1960), p. 1484. —, Jung's concept of the time stream, Journal of Analytical Psychology, 1960 — , C.G. Jung. London, Barrie and Rockliff, 1961. —, What Jung really said. London, Macdonald, 1966. Bertine, Eleanor, Jung's contribution to our time, in: E. C. Rohrbach, ed., The Collected Papers of Eleanor Bertine. New York, 1967. Böhler, E., Die Bedeutung der komplexen Psychologie C. G. Jungs für die Geisteswissenschaften und die Menschenbildung, in: C. G. Jung, Be-wusstes und Unbewusstes. Frankfurt-Hamburg, Fischer Bücherei, 1957, pp. 7-10. Boss, M., Über Herkunft und Wesen des tiefenpsychologischen Archetypus-Begriffes, Psyche (Zeitschrift für Tiefenpsychologie), VI (1952-53), pp. 584-597. 120 C.G. Jung Bruneton, J.-L., Jung: l'homme, sa vie, son caractère, Revue d'Allemagne, VII (1933), pp. 673-689. Carp, E. A. D. E., De analytisch-psychologische behandelingsmethode volgens Jung. Amsterdam, Meulenhoff, n. d. Corrie, Joan, C. G. Jungs Psychologie im Abriss. Zürich, Rascher Verlag, 1929. Co χ, David, Jung and St Paul. A study of the doctrine of justification by faith and its relation to the concept of individuation. London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1959. Daim, W., Der Grundfehler C. G. Jungs, Wissenschaft und Weltbild, VI (1953), pp. 58-66. Dry, Avis, M., The Psychology of Jung. A Critical Interpretation. New Y o r k -London, Methuen, 1961. Evans, R. I., Conversations with Carl G. Jung and Reactions from Ernest Jones. New York, Van Nostrand, 1964. French translation: Entretiens avec C. G. Jung. Avec des commentaires de Ernest Jones. (Petite Bibliothèque, 155) Paris, Payot, 1970. Fordham, Frieda, An Introduction to Jung's Psychology. London, Pelican Books, 1953; Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1963. Fordham, Michael S. M., The Objective Psyche. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958. —, ed., Contact with Jung: Essays on the Influence of his Work and Personality.

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