Psychology
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory and therapy developed by Sigmund Freud. It focuses on exploring the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior and mental processes. The main techniques of psychoanalysis include free association, dream analysis, and transference, with the goal of bringing repressed thoughts and feelings to the conscious mind for resolution.
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10 Key excerpts on "Psychoanalysis"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter-4 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis (or Freudian psychology ) is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and continued by others. It is primarily devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior, although it can also be applied to societies. Psychoanalysis has three main components: 1. a method of investigation of the mind and the way one thinks; 2. a systematized set of theories about human behavior; 3. a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illness. Under the broad umbrella of Psychoanalysis, there are at least 22 theoretical orientations regarding human mentation and development. The various approaches in treatment called Psychoanalysis vary as much as the theories do. The term also refers to a method of studying child development. Freudian Psychoanalysis refers to a specific type of treatment in which the analysand (analytic patient) verbalizes thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst induces the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems, and interprets them for the patient to create insight for resolution of the problems. The specifics of the analyst's interventions typically include confronting and clarifying the patient's pathological defenses, wishes and guilt. Through the analysis of conflicts, including those contributing to resistance and those involving transference onto the analyst of distorted reactions, psychoanalytic treatment can clarify how patients unconsciously are their own worst enemies: how unconscious, symbolic reactions that have been stimulated by experience are causing symptoms. History 1890s The idea of Psychoanalysis was developed in Vienna in the 1890s by Sigmund Freud, a neurologist interested in finding an effective treatment for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter-6 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis (or Freudian psychology ) is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and continued by others. It is primarily devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior, although it can also be applied to societies. Psychoanalysis has three main components: 1. a method of investigation of the mind and the way one thinks; 2. a systematized set of theories about human behavior; 3. a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illness. Under the broad umbrella of Psychoanalysis, there are at least 22 theoretical orientations regarding human mentation and development. The various approaches in treatment called Psychoanalysis vary as much as the theories do. The term also refers to a method of studying child development. Freudian Psychoanalysis refers to a specific type of treatment in which the analysand (analytic patient) verbalizes thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst induces the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems, and interprets them for the patient to create insight for resolution of the problems. The specifics of the analyst's interventions typically include confronting and clarifying the patient's pathological defenses, wishes and guilt. Through the analysis of conflicts, including those contributing to resistance and those involving transference onto the analyst of distorted reactions, psychoanalytic treatment can clarify how patients unconsciously are their own worst enemies: how unconscious, symbolic reactions that have been stimulated by experience are causing symptoms. History 1890s The idea of Psychoanalysis was developed in Vienna in the 1890s by Sigmund Freud, a neurologist interested in finding an effective treatment for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms.
eBook - PDF- Danny Wedding, Raymond Corsini(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 22 | Chapter 2 Overview LO1 Psychoanalysis is a distinctive form of psychological treatment and a model of psychologi-cal functioning, human development, and psychopathology. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was a Viennese neurologist who became known as the founding father of Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis, however, is not synonymous with Freudian theory. There is no one psychoanalytic theory of personality or treatment but a host of different theories and treatment models that have developed over more than a century through the writings of theorists and practitioners from many different countries. Freud developed the massive body of psychoanalytic theory that evolved over the course of his lifetime in conversation and collaboration with numerous colleagues, including Wilhelm Stekel, Alfred Adler, Karl Abraham, Otto Rank, Paul Federn, Sandor Ferenczi, Carl Jung, Eugene Bleuler, Max Eitingon, Hans Sacks, and Ernest Jones. Subsequent elaborations of psychoanalytic theory and the emergence of diverse psychoanalytic traditions were inspired by the work of key theorists such as Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Donald Winnicott, Heinz Hartmann, Heinz Kohut, Wilfred Bion, Charles Brenner, Jacques Lacan, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Stephen Mitchell. Although there are important similarities between all of these traditions, there are also important differences. Despite this lack of a unified perspective, it’s possible to speak in general terms about certain basic principles that tend to cut across different psychoanalytic perspectives. These include: 1. an assumption that that all human beings are motivated in part by wishes, fantasies, or tacit knowledge that is outside of awareness (this is referred to as unconscious motivation); 2. an interest in facilitating awareness of unconscious motivations, thereby increasing choice; 3.
- Gerald Corey(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Both Psychoanalysis and its more flexible variant, psychoanalyti- cally oriented psychotherapy, are discussed in this chapter. In addition, I summarize Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which extends Freudian theory in several ways, and give brief attention to Carl Jung’s approach. Finally, we look at contemporary psychoanalytic approaches: object-relations theory, self psychology, and the relational model of Psychoanalysis. These contemporary theories are varia- tions on psychoanalytic theory that entail modification or abandonment of Freud’s drive theory but take Freud’s theories as their point of departure (Wolitzky, 2011b). Although deviating significantly from traditional Freudian Psychoanalysis, these approaches retain the emphasis on unconscious processes, the role of transference and countertransference, the existence of ego defenses and internal conflicts, and the importance of early life experiences (McWilliams, 2016). Visit CengageBrain.com or watch the DVD for the video program on Chapter 4, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy: The Case of Stan and Lecturettes. I suggest that you view the brief lecture for each chapter prior to reading the chapter. Key Concepts View of Human Nature The Freudian view of human nature is basically deterministic. According to Freud, our behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives as these evolve through key psychosexual stages in the first six years of life. Instincts are central to the Freudian approach. Although he originally used the term libido to refer to sexual energy, he later broadened it to include the energy of all the life instincts. These instincts serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race; they are oriented toward growth, development, and creativity. Libido, then, should be understood as a source of motivation that encompasses sexual energy but goes beyond it.
- Tracy Henley(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
With free association, a patient is encouraged to express freely everything that comes to his or her mind. Freud, Anna (1895–1982) Became the official spokes-person for Psychoanalysis after her father’s death. In addition to perpetuating traditional psychoanalytic concepts, she extended them into new areas such as child psychology, education, and child rearing. By elab-orating on autonomous ego functions, she encouraged the development of ego psychology. ( See also Ego psychology .) Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) The founder of psycho-analysis, a school of psychology that stresses the conflict between the animalistic impulses possessed by humans and the human desire to live in a civilized society. Horney, Karen (1885–1952) Trained in the Freudian tradition, she later broke away from the Freudians and created her own theory of mental disorders that empha-sized cultural rather than biological (such as sexual) causes. Id According to Freud, the powerful, entirely uncon-scious portion of the personality that contains all instincts and is, therefore, the driving force for the entire personality. Identification with the aggressor An ego defense mechanism, postulated by Anna Freud, whereby the fear caused by a person is reduced by adopting the feared person’s values. Inferiority complex According to Adler, the condi-tion one experiences when overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority instead of being motivated toward success by those feelings. Cathartic method The alleviation of hysterical symptoms by allowing pathogenic ideas to be expressed consciously. Collective unconscious Jung’s term for the part of the unconscious mind that reflects universal human experience through the ages. For Jung the collective unconscious is the most powerful component of the personality. Compensation According to Adler, the making up for a weakness by developing strengths in other areas.
eBook - PDF- Duane Schultz(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Psychology, in its early attempts to become or remain a pure science, was method centered; Psychoanalysis was problem centered. The aim of psy-choanalysis—attempting to help neurotic patients—was at sharp variance with psychology's aim of finding laws of human behavior through the methods of natural science. These different goals and subject matter necessitated different methods. Freud's concern was more molar or global than that of psychology—the total human personality as opposed to specific functions such as perception or learning. Psychology, trying to be a natural science, used the experimental 334 Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings method in which each variable (usually a minute aspect of behavior) was isolated for study. Psychoanalysis was concerned with the total human being, not for a short period in the laboratory, but over a long period of time, and used data covering all aspects of the person's past and present experiences. Finally, academic psychologists, steeped in the rigor of science, seeking precision and operational definitions of concepts, distrusted and disliked many of the Freudian concepts and terms that could not be quantified or related precisely to concrete empirical variables. Terms such as ego, id, and repression were anathema to psychologists who were trying to work with only specific stimulus-response terms. There were, then, several reasons for the antipathy shown by psycholo-gists toward Psychoanalysis. In spite of these differences, however, the barriers between the two disciplines, at first so rigid and absolute, have been breached here and there. CRITICISMS OF Psychoanalysis The amount of criticism directed against Freud and his theories, much of which has come from the lay public, is enormous, but we shall restrict our discussion to criticisms from psychologists. Some of these criticisms were noted in the preceding section. Particularly vulnerable to attack by experimental psychologists are Freud's methods of data collection.
eBook - PDF- Duane Schultz, Sydney Schultz, , , Duane Schultz, Sydney Schultz(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality 313 Levels of Personality In his early work, Freud suggested that mental life consisted of two parts: conscious and unconscious. The conscious portion, like the visible part of an iceberg, is small and insig-nificant. It presents only the surface; that is, only a superficial glimpse of the total personal-ity. The vast and powerful unconscious, like the portion of the iceberg that exists beneath the water’s surface, contains the instincts, those driving forces for all human behavior. In later writings, Freud revised this simple conscious-unconscious distinction and proposed instead the id, ego, and superego. The id The id corresponds roughly to Freud’s earlier notion of unconscious. It is the most primitive and least accessible part of the personality and includes the sex and aggressive instincts. Freud wrote, “We call it a cauldron full of seething excitations. [The id] knows no judgments of value, no good and evil, no morality” (1933, p. 74). The id seeks immediate satisfaction without regard for the circumstances of reality. The id operates according to what Freud called the pleasure principle, concerned with reducing tension by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Freud’s word in German for the id was es , meaning it , a term suggested to him by the psychoanalyst Georg Groddeck, who had sent Freud the manuscript of his book called The Book of It (Isbister, 1985). The id contains our basic psychic energy, or libido, and is expressed through the reduc-tion of tension. Increases in libidinal energy result in increased tension. And we then act in an attempt to reduce this tension to a more tolerable level. However, we must interact with the real world to satisfy our needs and maintain a comfortable level of tension. For example, people who are hungry must act to find food if they expect to discharge the ten-sion induced by hunger.
eBook - PDFPersonality
Theory and Research
- Daniel Cervone, Lawrence A. Pervin(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
57 3 Questions to Be Addressed in This Chapter Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): A View of the Theorist Freud’s View of the Person Freud’s View of the Science of Personality Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Major Concepts Review A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Chapter Focus The number one player on the tennis team is getting ready to play for the state title. She has never met her opponent before, so she decides to introduce her- self before the match. She strolls onto the court where her opponent is warming up and says. “Hi, I’m Amy. Glad to beat you.” You can imagine how embar- rassed Amy was! Flustered, she corrected her innocent mistake and walked over to her side of the court to warm up. “Wow,” Amy thought, “where did that come from? ” Was Amy’s verbal slip so innocent? Freud wouldn’t have thought so. In his view, Amy’s silly mistake was actually a very revealing display of unconscious aggressive drives. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is illustrative of a psychody- namic and clinical approach to personality. Behavior is interpreted as a result of the dynamic interplay among motives, drives, needs, and conflicts. The research consists mainly of clinical investigations as shown in an emphasis on the individual, in the attention given to individual differences, and in attempts to assess and understand the total individual. Contemporary researchers, however, devote much attention to the challenge of studying psychodynamic processes in the experimental laboratory. A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY: FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY 58 Questions to Be Addressed in This Chapter 1. How did Freud develop his theory, and how did historical and personal events shape this development? 2. What are the key features of Freud’s theoretical model of the human mind? 3.
eBook - PDFPersonality
Theory and Research
- Daniel Cervone, Lawrence A. Pervin(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
53 3 A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): A View of the Theorist Freud’s View of the Person Freud’s View of the Science of Personality Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Major Concepts Review Chapter Focus The number one player on the tennis team is getting ready to play for the state title. She has never met her opponent before, so she decides to introduce herself before the match. She strolls onto the court where her opponent is warming up and says. “Hi, I’m Amy. Glad to beat you.” You can imagine how embarrassed Amy was! Flustered, she corrected her innocent mistake and walked over to her side of the court to warm up. “Wow,” Amy thought, “where did that come from?” Was Amy’s verbal slip so innocent? Freud wouldn’t have thought so. In his view, Amy’s silly mistake was actually a very revealing display of unconscious aggressive drives. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is illustrative of a psychodynamic and clinical approach to personality. Behavior is interpreted as a result of the dynamic interplay among motives, drives, needs, and conflicts. The research consists mainly of clinical investigations as shown in an emphasis on the individual, in the attention given to individual differences, and in attempts to assess and understand the total individual. Contemporary researchers, however, devote much attention to the challenge of study- ing psychodynamic processes in the experimental laboratory. A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY: FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY 54 Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter 1. How did Freud develop his theory, and how did historical and personal events shape this development? 2. What are the key features of Freud’s theoretical model of the human mind? 3.
eBook - PDFCounseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice
Skills, Strategies, and Techniques
- John Sommers-Flanagan, Rita Sommers-Flanagan(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Although the analyst’s per-spective is important, the method involves asking clients to free associate to their dreams, thus facilitating a col-laborative exploration. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in Action: Brief Vignettes In traditional Psychoanalysis, psychological defenses are interpreted before the underlying conflicts. If you inter-pret the underlying conflict first, clients will use preexisting defense mechanisms (e.g., denial) to resist the interpre-tation. For example, if you tell your client that the rea-son for her silence is fear of rejection, then she’s likely to withdraw by using more silence. Instead, if you inter-pret the defense first, by opening up a discussion of how she uses silence to protect herself, then she may be able to begin being more open, giving you a clearer glimpse of underlying conflicts. She may then be more able to understand and accept deeper conflict interpretations. Vignette I: A Poor Application of Interpretation Defenses don’t promptly disappear when interpreted. In fact, especially when used in an authoritarian or confron-tational manner, interpretations can produce defensive Dream Interpretation Freud considered dreams as “the via regia [royal road] to a knowledge of the unconscious.” He used dream inter-pretation to explain to clients the psychological meaning of their dream symbols. Client dreams were the best access route he could find for identifying repressed, unconscious, instinctual drives. Unfortunately, as it turns out, Freud’s royal road is fraught with potholes and speed bumps. Although dreams provide access to the unconscious, similar to client free association material, they consist of unconscious derivatives. To achieve insight, psychoana-lysts must interpret the dreams’ meanings. This can be problematic because psychoanalysts may project their own issues onto their clients’ ambiguous dream symbols.
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