Psychology
Psychodynamic Treatments
Psychodynamic treatments are therapeutic approaches that focus on uncovering unconscious conflicts and patterns of behavior. They are based on the principles of psychoanalysis, emphasizing the role of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior. Psychodynamic treatments often involve exploring emotions, thoughts, and past experiences to gain insight into current psychological issues and promote personal growth.
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eBook - PDFCounseling and Psychotherapy
Theories and Interventions
- David Capuzzi, Mark D. Stauffer(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- American Counseling Association(Publisher)
Finally, modern psy-chodynamic counselors focus on developing a corrective emotional experience in session, when clients can openly discuss their problems and develop solutions to these problems. However, modern psychodynamic counselors understand the importance of working through addressing the emotion that may drive the client’s problems (Fulmer, 2018). The Process of Change The process of change emerges from the use of traditional and modified tech-niques to bring awareness to the client and frame current maladaptive behaviors in the context of prior experiences contributing to present circumstances in the client’s life. Currently, the use of psychoanalytic techniques has expanded to in-clude an emphasis on the treatment of serious mental health issues, cross-cultural considerations, and brief applications across contexts. The primary method of psy-choanalysis is the identification, analysis, and interpretation of the unconscious conflicts that interfere with the client’s daily functioning. This is done using a va-riety of traditional strategies and techniques, such as the analysis of dream con-tent, transference, resistance, and defenses, which encourage clients to increase their awareness of the etiology and manifestation of symptoms and how to cope with new experiences in a more healthful, productive manner based on this new awareness. In its brief form, a psychodynamic approach uses direct dialogue and interpretation to examine unresolved conflicts and symptoms that arise from past dysfunctional relationships and manifest themselves in maladaptive symptoms and behaviors (Johnson, 2016). Techniques and Interventions Therapeutic Immediacy Transference and resistance are two fundamental aspects of traditional psychoana-lytic theory.
eBook - PDFPsychology and the Challenges of Life
Adjustment and Growth
- Spencer A. Rathus, Jeffrey S. Nevid(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
• Thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Psychotherapy influences clients’ thoughts, feel- ings, and behavior. It can be aimed at any or all of these aspects of human psychology. • Psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth. Psychother- apy is often used with people who have psychological disorders. Other people seek help in adjusting to other types of problems such as shyness, weight problems, or loss of a spouse. Still other clients want to use psychotherapy in order to learn more about them- selves and to reach their full potential as individuals, parents, or creative artists. Let us consider the major psychotherapies therapies in use today. Psychodynamic Therapies: Digging Deep Within Psychodynamic therapies are based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psycho- dynamic theory. Freud believed that people don’t know themselves as well as they think they do, that all of us are driven by forces outside of our awareness. Freud assumed that the forces involve conflicts between three psychic structures or mental states: the id, ego, and superego (see Chapter 3). The origins of these conflicts trace back to childhood and revolve around difficul- ties reconciling primitive sexual and aggressive urges with the demands of social acceptability. Psychological problems arise when these long-hidden (repressed) sexual or aggressive impulses threaten to break the dam of the ego’s defenses and emerge into consciousness or when the superego floods us with excessive guilt. Freud’s method of therapy, called psychoanalysis, was the first psychodynamic therapy. It seeks to help people develop insight (self-awareness) psychotherapy The systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies psychological principles to affect the client’s thoughts, feelings, or behavior in order to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or achieve personal growth as an individual.
eBook - PDFPsychology
Modules for Active Learning
- Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Tanya Martini, , Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Tanya Martini, (Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Although they are hidden, these forces remain active in the personality and cause some people to develop rigid ego defenses and compulsive, self-defeating behavior. Thus, the main goal of Psychodynamic Therapies—The Talking Cure Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 569 569 MODULE 66 THERAPIES: PSYCHODYNAMIC, HUMANISTIC, AND COGNITIVE THERAPIES psychoanalysis is to reduce internal conflicts that lead to emotional suffering (Aron & Starr, 2013). Psychoanalysis Freud developed four basic techniques to uncover the unconscious roots of neurosis (Freud, 1949): free associa-tion, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference. Free Association The basis for free association is saying whatever comes to mind without worrying whether ideas are painful, embarrassing, or illogical. Thoughts are simply allowed to move freely from one idea to the next, without self-censorship. The purpose of free association is to lower defenses so that unconscious thoughts and feelings can emerge (Lavin, 2012; Spence et al., 2009). Dream Analysis Freud believed that dreams disguise con-sciously unacceptable feelings and forbidden desires in dream form (Fischer & Kächele, 2009; Klösch & Holzinger, 2014). The psychoanalyst can use this “royal road to the unconscious” to help the patient work past the obvious, visible meaning of the dream (its manifest content ) to uncover the hidden, sym-bolic meaning (its latent content ). This is achieved by analyzing dream symbols (images that have personal or emotional mean-ings; see Module 24).
eBook - PDF- Rachel Gibbons, Jo O'Reilly(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
Part I Therapy Theory and Practice Section 1 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Chapter 1 Psychodynamic Theory: The Development of a Model of the Mind Jo O’Reilly This chapter aims to describe the key contributions that psychoanalytic theory has made to our understanding of the mind. The practice of psychiatry and the development of psychological treatments rest upon how we understand the mind and emotional life. As clinicians working with patients with difficulties in how they feel, relate and think we need an understanding of psychic life in healthy and more disturbed states, just as practitioners of physical medicine need to understand bodily processes in sickness and in health. Since the late nineteenth century psychoanalytic theory has provided a platform from which a series of models of the mind have evolved. An underlying and fundamental tent of this approach is that most of mental functioning occurs at an unconscious level; a finding now widely supported within psychology and neuroscience [1]. The unique contributions of a psychoanalytic approach seek to elucidate and to understand the form and nature of these unconscious processes, both in healthy and more disturbed states of mind. Furthermore, clinical techniques derived from psychoanalysis such as free associ- ation and dream interpretation are specifically aimed at identifying unconscious mental processes and psychoanalysis has a great deal to offer a systematic study of the uncon- scious. Although the terms psychodynamic or psychoanalytic tend to be used in associ- ation with psychotherapeutic treatment, a psychoanalytic approach refers to a school of thought able to provide insights into the workings of the mind far beyond the treatment approaches derived from it. The limits of rational thought and considered volitional action in explaining emotional life are blindingly evident from the complexities, extremities and non-common-sensical nature of much of human behaviour.
eBook - PDF- John P. Houston, Helen Bee, David C. Rimm(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Treating psychological problems A psychodynamic approach: psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic treatment Evaluation of psychoanalysis Existential—humanistic therapies Client-centered therapy Gestalt psychotherapy Behavior therapy Behavioral treatments Cognitive behavior therapy Evaluation of behavior therapies The eclectic approach Some other alternatives Group treatment The community mental health approach Medical approaches Drug therapies Physical treatments Broad spectrum approaches to therapy: two examples Summary Key terms Comparing the psychological approaches Twice a week for the past 18 months, Alice has met with her psychiatrist, who is a psychoanalyst, or follower of Sigmund Freud. During these ses-sions, Alice lies on a couch and says anything that comes to mind. Some-times she engages in free association. Sometimes she describes her dreams, Often, her therapist interprets what she says in relation to her early child-hood experiences. She finds that more and more she sees the therapist as a kind of father figure. Her analyst encourages this because he believes this will lead to insight, which will help Alice get better. Every Wednesday, Bob sees a Rogerian psychologist at the university's counseling center. His therapist is very good at drawing him out of himself and helping him understand how he really feels about himself and others. She never tells him how he is feeling. Instead, she mirrors what he says and how he comes across, so that he ends up understanding what is going on inside himself. She seems to be a very accepting, nonjudgmental per-son. At the same time she lets Bob know that he is responsible for his thoughts and emotions. She believes that relating to Bob in this way will lead to his emotional growth. Tina has been seeing a behavior therapist for the past three months. After several interviews, she and her therapist agreed that she was very timid in certain social encounters.
- Lorelle J. Burton, Drew Westen, Robin M. Kowalski(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Therapist: Then, there are two of you walking around. Patient: There are two of us. (Laughs) Source: Strupp and Binder (1984). INTERIM SUMMARY Psychodynamic therapy rests on two principles: insight (coming to an understanding of the way one’s mind works) and the relationship between the patient and therapist. To bring about change, therapists rely on three techniques: free association (exploring associational networks by having the patient say whatever comes to mind); interpretation (efforts to help the patient come to understand their experiences in a new light); and examination of transference (where by people transfer thoughts, feelings, fears, wishes and conficts from past relationships onto the therapist, re-enacting repetitive interpersonal interaction patterns). The main contemporary forms of psychodynamic treatment are psychoanalysis (in which the patient lies on the couch and meets with the therapist three or more times a week) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (in which the patient and therapist sit face-to-face and usually meet once or twice a week). 19.3 Cognitive–behavioural therapies LEARNING OUTCOME 19.3 Describe the key principles and techniques of cognitive–behavioural therapies. Psychodynamic approaches were the first approaches to psychotherapy, and they emerged from clinical practice. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, an alternative approach emerged from the laboratory. This approach viewed symptoms as maladaptive learned behaviour patterns that could be changed by applying behaviourist principles of learning (Eysenck, 1952, 1964; Wolpe, 1964). Although many therapists continue to practise behaviour therapy (treatment based primarily on behaviourist learning principles), Pdf_Folio:988 988 Psychology most who make use of learning principles today are cognitive–behavioural in their orientation, using methods derived from behaviourist and cognitive approaches to learning. Basic principles Cognitive–behavioural therapies are typically short term.
eBook - PDFThe Trouble with Psychotherapy
Counselling and Common Sense
- Campbell Purton(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Bloomsbury Academic(Publisher)
Accounts of psychodynamic therapy are inevitably framed in terms of the basic concepts of psychoanalysis, such as those of ‘the unconscious’ and ‘repression’. I will discuss these shortly, but first I will try to describe simply what psychodynamic therapists do , and con-sider to what extent their practices can be understood without appeal to the theoretical notions that lie in the background. This is not altogether an easy task; the philosopher Alistair MacIntyre (2004, p. 51) remarks in connection with psychoanalysis: Freud’s own descriptions of the analytic process are all coloured by the fact that at the time that he was developing it he was also developing his own theoretical concepts; so that he rarely, if ever, gives a purely descriptive account of psychoanalysis. The common-sense core Nevertheless, it is worth trying to describe what in practice is done in psychoanalysis, and MacIntyre (p. 52) offers the following: In psychoanalysis the patient talks, saying whatever it occurs to him to say. In thus talking he will in fact tend to dwell on some subjects rather than on others, he will pass by some topics and continually return to others. When he dwells on some topic or when he displays great emotion the analyst will tend to suggest an interpretation to him of what he is saying. The more the analysis progresses the more the patient will pass from talk about adult life to talk about childhood, and incidents that had apparently been forgotten will be recalled. This recalling will in turn be accompanied by emotional release. Such emotional release will in turn be followed by a mitigation of the neurotic symptoms which were the occasion of undertaking psychoanalytic treatment. 81
eBook - PDF- Danny Wedding, Raymond Corsini(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Termination Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Psychodynamic Psychotherapies | 53 in a time-limited context, however, tends to intensify a process that we therapists must inevitably undergo of grappling with the ultimate frustration of the type of grandiose ambitions that are common for less-experienced therapists, and of coming to terms with the intrinsic ambiguities of life and the limits of our understanding and control. Summary Psychoanalysis originated more than 100 years ago, and it has evolved dramatically over time. It has become more flexible, less authoritarian, more practical, and more respon-sive to the needs of a wider range of clients from diverse racial, cultural, and social class backgrounds. There is a growing cohort of dedicated and rigorous psychoanalytic researchers, and there is a growing body of empirical evidence that supports the effec-tiveness of psychoanalytic treatments. For many years, psychoanalysis had a dominant role in our health-care system. By the mid- to late 1960s, however, psychoanalysis was under siege: on one side by the behavioral tradition and on the other by the “third force”—the tradition of humanistic psychology. Although the behavioral tradition critiqued psychoanalysis for its lack of scientific legitimacy, the humanistic tradition faulted psychoanalysis for its mechanistic and reductionist tendencies and its failure to appreciate the more noble aspects of hu-man nature and the fundamental dignity of human experience.
eBook - PDF- Bassant Puri, Ian Treasaden(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
New York: Basic Books. 11. Stevens A (2001) Jung: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12. Yalom I (2005) Principles and Practice of Group Psychotherapy , 5th edn. New York: Basic Books. 13. Bion W (1961) Experiences in Groups . London: Tavistock. KEY POINTS ● Psychodynamic therapies are derived from psychoanalysis. ● They emphasize the influence of early development and the relation-ship with the therapist during treatment. ● Therapies are provided in individual and group settings. ● There are many theoretical schools with considerable variations in practice between them. ● Psychodynamic therapies are especially suited to the treatment of recurrent difficulties and personality problems. 14. Pines M, Hearst L (1993) Group analysis. In H Kaplan, B Sadock (eds) Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy , 3rd edn. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. 15. Conte H, Ratto R, Karusa T (1996) The Psychological Mindedness Scale: factor structure and relationship to outcome of psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 5 : 250–59. 16. Luborsky L (1984) Principles of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: A Manual for Supportive Expressive Treatment . New York: Basic Books. 17. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2008) CR151: Psychological Therapies in Psychiatry and Primary Care . London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. 18. Roth A, Fonagy P (2005) What Works for Whom? , 2nd edn. New York: Guilford. 19. Aveline M (1995) How I assess for focal therapy. In C Mace (ed.) The Art and Science of Assessment in Psychotherapy . London: Routledge. 954 Dynamic psychotherapy INTRODUCTION The word ‘systemic’ has entered popular discourse in a sim-ilar way to Freudian concepts, such as unconscious drives and catharsis. It derives from general systems theory, which became one of the guiding conceptual frameworks for family therapy.
- Sarah Rundle(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
CHAPTER 13: TREATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 1. When Alice visits her therapist, she free associates and tells him about her dreams or about her childhood experiences. Her therapist is a a. client-centered therapist. c. Gestalt therapist. b. cognitive behavior therapist. *d. psychoanalyst, (p. 422). 2. When Bob visits his therapist, the therapist tries to help him understand how he feels about himself and others. The therapist does not make judgments concerning his thoughts or behavior, but he reminds Bob occasionally that he is responsible for them. Bob's therapist is a *a. client-centered therapist, (p. 422). c. behavioral psychologist. b. psychoanalyst. d. cognitive behavior therapist. 3. Tina went to a therapist because she is timid and often feels tense and anxious. Her therapist helped her to learn to express her feelings clearly and without anger or tears and helped her get rid of an unreasonable fear she had. Tina's therapist is a a. psychoanalyst. c. Gestalt psychologist. b. Rogerian psychologist. *d. behavioral psychologist, (p. 422). A PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH: PSYCHOANALYSIS 4. The central concept in psychoanalytic theory is *a. the unconscious, (p. 42 3) c. catharsis. b. libido. d. transference. 5. Freud's specialty as a medical doctor was a. gynecology. c. brain surgery. b. ophthalmology. *d. neurology, (p. 422) 6. It has been suggested that watching aggression and violence on TV is good for us because it helps us release pent-up emotions in a harmless way. This is called the hypothesis. a. dynamic c. transference *b. catharsis (p. 422) d. vicarious aggression 7. When a psychoanalyst talks about the dynamics of personality, she is referring to a. any aspect of personality that changes over time. b. processes, as opposed to static structures. c. the way in which the ego satisfies the demands of the id. *d. unconscious motivation, (p. 423) 193 194 CHAPTER 13 8. An individual with a strong sex drive is.
eBook - PDFAssessment and Therapy
Specialty Articles from the Encyclopedia of Mental Health
- Howard S. Friedman(Author)
- 2001(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Transference Neuroses A substitute pathology that reiterates fundamental developmental conflicts based on unconscious schematizations and motives concerning self and other roles in a relationship. In forming such transference-based reactions, the patient regresses to early stages of development, returning to the conceptual source of problems. PSYCHOANALYSIS is a treatment that aims at a comprehensive exploration and understanding of un-conscious conflicts, character, and personality devel-opment. Meetings are frequent and often go on for years. The aim of therapy is to alter the interaction of conscious and unconscious processes in the direction of better integration of identity leading to improved adaptation, maturity, and health. The central con-cepts of theory provide the basis for the treatment. These concepts focus on the interactions of wishes, fears, and defenses against threat, and the influence of enduring but often unconscious motives upon person-ality structure. Personality is viewed as a knowledge and proce-dural structure that is the result of repeated behaviors and decisions for how to reduce or avoid dangerous manifestations of raw wishes, exposures to dreaded situations, and the experience of problems, symp-toms, and uncontrolled moods. Thus, a psychoana-lytic formulation of personality may include hypothe-ses about developmental antecedents in terms of how wishes, fears, and immediate defenses lead to more adaptive but still defensive compromises. Although relatively more adaptive compromises may be prefer-able to problem-filled or symptomatic compromises, 261 Copyright 1998 by Academic Press. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. cation of meanings. Together, the patient and thera-pist can observe the derailment of clear expression and elaboration of a topic. Thus, by developing free association as a rule in psychoanalysis, Freud was in a position to describe defense mechanisms.
eBook - PDFCounseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice
Skills, Strategies, and Techniques
- John Sommers-Flanagan, Rita Sommers-Flanagan(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
According to Leichsenring, Klein, and Salzer (2014), there is empirical support for the efficacy of psychoanalytic psychotherapies in treating: • Depressive disorders. • Anxiety disorders. • Somatic symptom disorders. • Eating disorders. • Substance-related disorders. • Borderline personality disorder. The evidence for the efficacy of psychodynamic approaches for depressive disorders is strong. In a recent meta-analysis, Driessen and colleagues (2015) evaluated 54 studies, including 3,946 patients. They reported that short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) was associated with improvements in general psychopathol-ogy and quality of life measures ( d = 0.49–0.69) and all outcome measures ( d = 0.57–1.18); they also noted that patients continued to improve at follow-up ( d = 0.20–1.04). Further, no differences were found between STPP and other psychotherapies. On anxiety measures, STPP appeared significantly superior to other psychotherapies at post-treatment ( d = 0.35) and follow-up ( d = 0.76). In a previous meta-analytic review, Shedler (2010) also concluded that psychodynamic therapies were equivalent to “… other treatments that have been actively promoted as ‘empirically supported’ and ‘evidence based’” (p. 107). He also reported that psychodynamic therapies had more robust long-term effects. Table 2.2 provides a sampling of meta-analytic evi-dence supporting psychodynamic therapies. For compar-ison purposes, the original meta-analyses conducted by Smith and colleagues are included (M. L. Smith & Glass, 1977; M. L. Smith et al., 1980). Notably, Smith, Glass, and Miller reported that psychodynamic approaches were significantly more efficacious than no treatment and approximately equivalent to other therapy approaches. Table 2.2 also includes the average effect size (ES or d ; see Chapter 1) for antidepressant medications (ES = 0.31 for serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs).
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