Psychology
Psychological Treatment
Psychological treatment refers to the use of psychological methods, such as therapy or counseling, to help individuals cope with emotional, behavioral, or mental health issues. It aims to alleviate distress, promote well-being, and enhance overall functioning. Psychological treatments can be tailored to address specific concerns, such as anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship difficulties.
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eBook - PDFPsychopathology
A Social Neuropsychological Perspective
- Alison Lee, Robert Irwin(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
10 Psychological Therapies Introduction With over 400 different types of psychological therapy, it is unsurprising that no definition exists that adequately captures this diverse field of practice. Although modern psychological therapies have relatively short histories, the elements from which most are constituted are similar and date back many centuries (Jackson, 1999). For the purposes of this chapter, we use the term psychological therapy to refer to psychotherapy, counselling or any form of ‘talking treatment’ that aims to promote subjective well-being and mental health. This chapter aims to help you to think more critically about the claims made about psychological therapies. Firstly, we consider whether the practice of psychological therapy should be guided by diagnosis or formulation. This debate is, in part, about the extent to which the practice of psychological therapy can or should be decoupled from the medical model (Sanders, 2007; Deacon, 2013). In the next section, the focus shifts to how we can establish whether a psychological therapy works. Here we introduce and critique the concept of empirically supported therapies. Opinion within the field of psycho- logical therapy is generally divided as to which elements of therapy help to bring about change; some claim that it is therapeutic techniques and the theories that underpin them (the differential effectiveness position), while others argue that it is the quality of the therapeutic relationship and nonspecific factors (the common factors position). In the final part of the chapter, we consider some of the potential detrimental effects psychological therapy may have at an individual and societal level. 10.1 Diagnosis or Formulation? Whether practice should be guided by diagnosis or formulation is a moot point in the field of psychological therapy. In the therapeutic process, it is usually a diagno- sis or formulation that links assessment to therapeutic intervention or ‘treatment’.
eBook - PDF- Gordon L. Flett, Nancy L. Kocovski, Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
538 CHAPTER 17 Outcomes and Issues in Psychological Intervention American Psychological Association procedures for determin- ing EST status; Tolin et al., 2015). Evidence-based practice encourages psychologists to use the current evidence base as it applies to the presenting client, making informed decisions regarding assessment and treatment at every step. The Canadian Psychological Association also commis- sioned a report on the efficacy and effectiveness of psy- chological treatments, reviewing the current evidence for many treatments for the most common presenting problems (Hunsley, Elliott, & Therrien, 2013). The main conclusion of the report is that psychotherapy works. In the authors’ words: “There is extensive evidence demonstrating that psychotherapy can be an efficacious and effective health care service for a wide range of commonly experienced mental health and health conditions. This conclusion applies across the lifespan and is based on many hundreds of studies, including both randomized controlled trials and studies examining the impact of evidence-based Psychological Treatments delivered in typical clinical settings.” (Hunsley et al., 2013, p. 3) Given that some approaches currently have more empir- ical support than others, how is evidence-based treatment practised in the real world? Rowa et al. (2000) sought to deter- mine the extent to which empirically supported psychological and pharmacological treatments were used in Canada for peo- ple with panic disorder, social phobia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. They found that the types of pharmacological treat- ment received by clients were consistent with findings from the empirical literature. In contrast, empirically validated cognitive and behavioural treatments had been tried by fewer than one half of the participants.
eBook - PDFIntroduction to Clinical Psychology
Bridging Science and Practice
- Douglas A. Bernstein, Bethany A. Teachman, Bunmi O. Olatunji, Scott O. Lilienfeld(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
7 | Research on Clinical Intervention Contents Methods for Studying Psychological Treatments [218] Results of Research on Individual Treatments [227] Results of Research on Other Modes of Intervention [238] Issues and Concerns about Research on Psychotherapy [243] Chapter Preview In the next three chapters, you can read about a wide range of psychotherapy methods. In this chap- ter, we describe the strengths and limitations of the methods that clinical scientists use to determine if and how those various therapies work. We highlight the latest research findings on the efficacy and effectiveness of established treatments as well as of alternative modes of intervention. Our major focus will be on evaluation of evidence about which Psychological Treatments are best for which clients with which problems, but we close with a discussion of research on the effects of psychoac- tive drugs in the treatment of psychological disorders. A Clinical Case You may remember from Chapter 1 that, as Rachel Jackson’s mother, Lena, became more and more concerned about Rachel’s dieting and poor grades, she confided in her Chinese American friend and coworker, Ellen Yang. Ellen’s advice to seek professional help for Rachel was based largely on her own experi- ence with the problems of her son, Eric. At the age of 26, Eric was living with his mother while attending graduate school in information tech- nology. His studies were hampered, however, because he was experiencing major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and anger problems. Eric is the youngest and, according to him, the “least successful” of three children. His parents told him that he resulted from an unwanted pregnancy that was almost aborted. He experienced many other stressors while growing up, including financial hardship and frequent fights between his parents that focused mainly on his father’s gambling and his mother’s tendency to hoard useless items.
eBook - PDF- Robin M. Murray, Kenneth S. Kendler, Peter McGuffin, Simon Wessely, David J. Castle(Authors)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
World Psychia- try 2:114–20. Weissman, M. M., Markowitz, J. C., & Klerman, G. L. (2000). Comprehensive Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books. 664 Section 5: Treatments in Psychiatry Weissman, M. M., Markowitz, J. C., & Klerman, G. L. (2007). A Clinician’s Quick Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy. New York: Oxford University Press. Weissman, M. M., & Sanderson, W. C. (2002). Promises and problems in modern psychotherapy: the need for increased training in evidence-based treatments. In M. Hager, ed. Modern Psychiatry: Challenges in Educat- ing Health Professionals to Meet New Needs. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation (For the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Conference, October 25–28, 2001), pp. 132– 65. Wilfley, D. E., Mackenzie, K. R., Welch, R., et al., eds. (2000). Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Group. New York: Basic Books. Young, J. E., Klosko, J., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: Guilford Press. 30 Psychodynamic psychotherapy Glen O. Gabbard and Jessica R. Nittler The focus of psychodynamic psychotherapy is understanding how past experiences influence present behaviours. It is a form of treatment that examines defence mechanisms, transference, countertransference, the internal world of fantasy and object relations and how unconscious men- tal functioning influences one’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour. A succinct definition of psychody- namic psychotherapy is the following: “A therapy that involves careful attention to the therapist- patient interaction, with thoughtfully timed inter- pretation of transference and resistance embedded in a sophisticated appreciation of the therapist’s contribution to the two-person field” (Gunderson & Gabbard, 1999, p. 685). Psychodynamic psychotherapy can be divided into two subtypes. One is brief or time-limited ther- apy of up to 6 months or 24 sessions in dura- tion.
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