Psychology
Hunger Motivation
Hunger motivation refers to the drive to satisfy the body's physiological need for food. It is influenced by biological factors such as hunger hormones and the body's energy needs, as well as psychological factors like food preferences and eating habits. Hunger motivation plays a crucial role in regulating eating behavior and maintaining the body's energy balance.
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eBook - PDFPsychology
Modules for Active Learning
- Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Tanya Martini, , Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Tanya Martini, (Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
What could be simpler? Yet, hunger is actually a complex motive. Like almost every other human motive, our hunger levels are affected by both internal bodily factors and external envi-ronmental and social ones. To understand how this works, let’s begin with a survey of some of the internal factors controlling our hunger. Hunger—Pardon Me, My Hypothalamus Is Growling After reading this module you should be able to: 43.1 Describe factors influencing hunger, overeating, weight control, and eating disorders 43.2 Explain how each of the following drives are similar to or different from hunger: thirst, pain, sex 43.3 Explain the relationship between arousal and motiva-tion, individual differences and arousal, and discuss some ways to cope with test anxiety 43.4 Define learned motives, social motives, nAch, and need for power; and list three qualities of people high in nAch ~LEARNING OUTCOMES~ Jump! Mauricio Graiki/Shutterstock.com Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 365 MODULE 43 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION: MOTIVATION IN DETAIL When Washburn’s stomach contracted, he reported that he felt “hunger pangs.” In view of this, the two scientists con-cluded that hunger is nothing more than the contractions of an empty stomach. (This, however, proved to be an inflated conclusion.) For many people, hunger produces an overall feeling of weakness or shakiness, rather than a “growling” stomach. Of course, eating does slow when the stomach is stretched or distended (full).
eBook - PDFEssentials of Psychology
Concepts and Applications
- Jeffrey Nevid(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Recall It answers are found in Appendix B. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 294 CHAPTER 8 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Hunger, one of the most basic drives and one of the most difficult to ignore, moti- vates us to eat. But what makes us hungry? If your stomach is growling at this mo- ment, you are unlikely to pay close attention to what you are reading. But there’s a lot more to hunger than a grumbling stomach. What Makes Us hungry? It may seem that pangs of hunger arise from the grumblings of an empty stomach, but it is the brain, not the stomach, that controls hunger. It works like this: When we haven’t eaten for a while, our blood sugar levels drop. When this happens, fat is released from fat cells—body cells that store fat—to provide fuel that cells use until our next meal. The hypothalamus, a small structure in the forebrain that helps regu- late hunger and many other bodily processes (discussed in Chapter 2), detects these changes and triggers a cascading series of events, leading to feelings of hunger that motivate eating behaviors. Eating restores an internally balanced state, or homeosta- sis, by bringing blood sugar levels back into balance and replenishing fat cells. Different parts of the hypothalamus play different roles in regulating hunger and eating (see ■ Figure 8.2). Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus causes a laboratory 4 Explain how hunger and appetite are regulated. 5 Identify causal factors in obesity. 6 Identify and describe the types and causes of eating disorders.
eBook - PDF- Douglas Bernstein, , , (Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
336 Motivation and Emotion HUNGER AND EATING What makes me start eating and stop eating? At first glance, eating seems to be a simple example of homeostasis and drive reduction theory at work. You’re motivated to eat when you get hungry. Much as a car needs gaso-line, you need fuel from food, so you eat. If so, what bodily mechanism is the “gauge” to signal the need for food? What determines which foods you eat, and how you know when to stop? Answers to these questions involve complex interactions between the brain and the rest of the body, but they also involve learning, social, and environmental factors. Biological Signals for Hunger and Satiation A variety of mechanisms operate to create hunger , the general state of wanting to eat, and satiation (pronounced “say-she-EH-shun”), the satisfaction of hunger. Satiation leads to satiety (pronounced “seh-TYE-a-tee”), a state in which we no longer want to eat. Signals from the Gut The stomach seems a logical source for hunger and satiety signals. You have probably felt hunger pangs from an “empty” stomach and felt “stuffed” after overeating. In fact, the stomach does contract during hunger pangs, and increased pressure in the stomach can reduce appetite (Cannon & Washburn, 1912; Houpt, 1994). But people who have lost their stomachs due to illness still get hungry and eat normal amounts of food (Janowitz, 1967). So while stomach cues clearly can affect eating, they appear to operate mainly when you are very hungry or very full. The small intestine also regulates eating (Maljaars et al., 2008). It is lined with cells that detect the presence of nutrients and send neural signals to the brain about the need to eat (Capasso & Izzo, 2008). Part of the signaling process even involves bacteria that normally live in a healthy gastrointestinal system. These “gut” mi-croorganisms generate chemicals in response to the food they encounter (Stilling, Dinan, & Cryan, 2014).
eBook - ePub- Philip Gorman(Author)
- 2004(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
3 Motivation and the brain: hunger
Hunger How do we know we are hungry? Why don’t we eat ourselves to death? The role of the hypothalamus Obesity Anorexia nervosa Chapter summaryHunger
Some of the questions which need to be answered in relation to these processes include: Why do we eat? When do we eat? What do we eat? Why do some people eat more/less than others?The study of motivation based around physiological drives is particularly influential in the study of behaviour which satisfies physical drives such as eating and drinking. This chapter specifically considers the role of the brain in the identification, initiation and cessation of our drive to eat.It may seem reasonably obvious why people eat (because they are hungry), but it is perhaps not so clear what it is that makes us feel hungry; what we feel hungry for; why we eat when we do, and what it is that makes us stop eating once we start.It is not enough to simply claim that we eat because we are hungry or that we stop eating because we are ‘fiill’. There are a variety of ways that our bodies respond to our need for food. In the same way as a car will respond to its needs in a variety of ways, so the body will respond to its need for food with more than just a rumble.A car will show a number of signs that it is not getting enough petrol, it is not getting the right kind of oil or it is running low on other necessary fluids. Some of these signs will be obvious and easy to recognise (the car stops running), others will be subtler (such as rust). In relation to the human body, this might be equivalent to the obvious signs of lethargy, or the subtler appearance of white dots under our fingernails.
eBook - PDF- John P. Houston, Helen Bee, David C. Rimm(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Motivation CHAPTER SEVEN The definition of motivation Approaches to motivation Drive theory Incentive theory: pull versus push Optimal-level-of-arousal theory Instinct Imprinting Unconscious motivation Maslow's need hierarchy Biological motives I: hunger Homeostasis Multiple internal stimuli for hunger Hypothalamic control Beyond homeostasis: external stimuli Biological motives II: thirst Cellular dehydration Reduced blood volume What about dry mouth? Primary and secondary drinking Biological motives III: sex Sex is different The study of sex has been neglected Animals and humans: the role of learning Sensory^seeking motives Intrinsic versus extrinsic reward Complex human motives A variety of needs The need to achieve The need to affiliate The need for cognitive consistency The need for control Changing needs Summary Key terms As you are studying, you realize you are becoming distracted by a familiar impulse. You are getting hungry—and not just for any old food. It's time for the search for the perfect taco to begin again. You call your friend Fred, who has been looking with you for months now, and together you ride off into the evening, ever hopeful. The definition of motivation As this example shows, we have many complex urges and impulses. Even a basic biological drive like hunger can stir up other interests—such as the desire for good company and the supreme taco. Psychologists describe all such wants, wishes, needs, desires, drives, and interests as motives. For psychologists, motives are (I) yohat activate and arouse the organism and (2) whatdirect the organisms behavior toward the attainment of some goal In our example, the hunger motive not only arouses you and gets you going, it also directs you toward a particular goal as well. An organism responding to such a motive is said to be motivated. In Chapter 4, we saw that learning resides within us and is invisible until it is converted into observable behavior by motives.
eBook - PDF- Ronald Comer, Elizabeth Gould, Adrian Furnham(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
5. What are the lowest level needs in the hierarchy of needs? What Do You Think? Consider one of your favourite hobbies, such as reading novels or playing videogames or a sport. Whatever the activity, describe how each of the motivational theories discussed in this chapter would explain why you do it. Does any one theory describe your motivation best? CHAPTER 13 MOTIVATION 384 WHAT HAPPENS IN THE B R A I N ? Biological Motivations: Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Summarize physical and psychological factors that affect our levels of hunger and our eating behaviour. As we have noted, the drive to eat is biologically ingrained, or instinctual. Newborn babies show interest in feeding soon after they are born. The biological drive to eat remains in place throughout our lives since we need to eat to live. A person can generally last only about 40 days without food (Lieberson, 2004). Eating is not simply a matter of following an instinctive pattern of behaviour to satisfy an innate drive, however. As we will see, a number of other factors play a role in motivating how much, what, when and even where we are motivated to eat. First, let’s explore what we know about the biology of eating. Hunger Signals Hunger signals in our brains originate from several stimuli, including how full our stomachs are, the levels of nutrients circulating in our bloodstreams and interacting with both of those signals the activities of key parts of our brains. Stomach Signals As you may have experienced, an empty stomach can trigger feelings of hunger. Doctors treat- ing obese patients take advantage of the fact that physical signals produced by stretch receptors in the stomach are important for informing the brain to stop eating. These cues, called satiety signals, can be activated by surgically placing a balloon in the stomach.
- Sarah Rundle(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
d. contemplation of goodness, beauty, and truth. BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES I: HUNGER 54. The three categories of motives that are used in the text to provide a convenient framework for thinking about motivation are basic biological motives, complicated human needs, and a. status and esteem needs. e. prosocial motives. b. love and sexual needs. *d. sensory-seeking motives, (p. 230). Homeostasis 55. The tendency of the body to maintain steady states in the consumption of food, water, and air and constant temperature is called a. metabolism. c. bioregulation. b. equilibrium. *d. homeostasis. (p. 2301 56. Homeostasis refers to *a. the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state in the consumption of food, water, air, and heat. (p. 230) b. the expansion and contraction of blood vessels in response to environmental conditions. c. the situation in which sexual gratification is satisfactory but not excessive. d. the tendency of the human species to change very little from generation to generation. 57. The homeostatic mechanism of the body is similar to a Cn). a. analog computer. c. thermometer. b. digital computer. *d. thermostat, (p. 230). 102 CHAPTER 7 Multiple Internal Stimuli for Hunger 58. The process that governs hunger and food-seeking behavior has two parts. The first part is concerned with *a. how the body's need for food is relayed to the brain, (p. 230). b. how hunger affects the nerve endings in the digestive system. c. how external stimuli affect hunger. d. what causes variation in the level of sugar in the blood. 59. Which of the following has not been suggested as a stimulus that informs the brain that the body needs food? a. the hormone cholecystokinin C.CCK) *b. the hormone testosterone (pp. 231-232 1 c. a chemical that reflects the fat level of the body d. blood sugar level 60. A mechanism that has been suggested as a long-term regulator of body weight is related to a. the stress on the arches of the feet. *b. the fat level of the body. (p. 231).
eBook - PDF- Nancy Ogden, Michael Boyes, Evelyn Field, Ronald Comer, Elizabeth Gould(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Does any one theory best describe your motivation? What can you do to improve your motivation as a student; to study more effectively, concentrate bet- ter, or set and accomplish life goals? The Learning Commons at Simon Fraser University offers a num- ber of practical resources to stay motivated and focused while you study (http://www.lib.sfu.ca/about/ branches-depts/slc/learning/motivation). Self-actualization needs: to find self-fulfillment and realize one’s potential Esteem needs: to achieve, be competent, gain approval, and excel Belonging and love needs: to affiliate with others, be accepted, and give and receive attention Safety needs: to feel secure and safe, to seek pleasure and avoid pain Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, and maintenance of internal state of the body FIGURE 11.4 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs A combination of needs, both innate and learned, drive our behaviour and sometimes are in competition. Basic survival needs at the base of the pyramid are the strongest and must be satisfied first before we are motivated to achieve our higher needs. 438 CHAPTER 11 Motivation and Emotion Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat. As noted, the drives to drink and eat are biologically ingrained or instinctual. Newborn babies show interest in drinking and feeding soon after they are born (Smillie, 2013). The biological drive for these behaviours, once they begin, typically remains in place throughout our lives since we need to eat and drink to live. Neither of these behaviours, however, is simply a matter of following an instinctive pattern of neural activity. Instead, a number of other factors play a role in motivating how much, what, when, and even where we are motivated to drink and eat.
eBook - PDF- Jon C. Horvitz, Barry L. Jacobs(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
While stress reduces eat- ing in most animals, an exception to this was noted above for humans actively restraining themselves from eating (stress can cause a person 6.5 THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS KEY FOR HUNGER AND SATIETY 250 HUNGER 6.6 VARIOUS FACTORS INFLUENCE BODY WEIGHT Simple math gives us an insight into body weight maintenance: Calories consumed – calories expended = remaining calories (which are mostly stored in fat cells). However, weight regulation is more complex than it seems. People trying to lose weight often find it difficult to do so. Some studies in animals and humans attempted to have subjects either gain or lose weight by overfeeding or underfeeding them. When the subjects resumed their normal diet, body weights returned precisely to their pre- experimental level (Cohn & Joseph, 1962; Sims & Horton, 1968). This gave rise to the idea that body weight has a set point. Despite temporary increases or decreases, bodily mechanisms kick in to return our weight to its set point. These mechanisms may include complex interactions between nutrient selection, the functioning of the digestive organs, and metabolic responses that turn nutrients from the diet into energy. These, in turn, depend upon a combination of hormonal, environmental, and genetic factors (Harris, 1990). KEY CONCEPTS • Some neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus contain receptors for the orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) hormone ghrelin. These “hunger” neurons in the arcuate release neuropeptide Y to acti- vate the lateral hypothalamus. • Other neurons in the arcuate nucleus respond to satiety signals and release α-MSH to stimulate the PVN and reduce eating. • The autonomic nervous system also modulates eating and digestion. The sympathetic nervous system reduces these activities in response to emergency situations. TEST YOURSELF 1. Describe the key hypothalamic nuclei involved in hunger and satiety.
eBook - PDFApplying Psychology to Everyday Life
A Beginner's Guide
- Kenneth T. Strongman(Author)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
H U N G E R , T H I R S T A N D S E X 41 Why was I so snappy with my parents when I didn’t mean to be? Why do I keep putting off writing that thank you letter or digging the garden or phoning my friend? Thinking about motivation is thinking about what gives behaviour its purpose and its direction. It is also about what sustains us in doing whatever we might be doing. Essentially, motivation is about goals, setting them, keeping them, dropping them and dealing with them when they conflict. So, like emotion, motivation provides the energy of life. Some basic definitions As with various areas in psychology, there are a number of basic words to do with motivation that are used commonly and sometimes confusedly. It is impor-tant to distinguish between them: Needs are deficiencies in whatever we require for survival, the most funda-mental being oxygen, closely followed by food and drink. If oxygen is in short supply, we are impelled to do something about it, fast. In an everyday sense, of course, the word need is used more loosely, to mean something that we feel is pressuring us. I need to rest, I need to see my mother, I need to go to work early today. Drives are either the state of energy that goes with needs (physiological drives) or derived states of (psychological) energy that are learned (say, the drive for money) rather than built in (say, the drive/need for food). In everyday usage, again one can see the impulsion involved. I was driven to do that means that I had little choice. Motives are the background conditions that might lead to energy being chan-nelled in particular ways. So, my motive might be to be successful in life, for example. This would have all manner of implications for what I would do, the decisions I would make, and so on. In other words, it would channel my ener-gies in a very different direction than if my motive were, say, to be liked by everybody.
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