Psychology
Types of Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of an individual's culture. There are three clusters of personality disorders: Cluster A (odd, eccentric), Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, erratic), and Cluster C (anxious, fearful). Each cluster includes specific personality disorders, such as paranoid, narcissistic, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Written by Perlego with AI-assistance
Related key terms
1 of 5
10 Key excerpts on "Types of Personality Disorders"
eBook - PDF- Kanter, Jonathan W., Woods, Douglas W.(Authors)
- 1(Publication Date)
- Context Press(Publisher)
Personality Disorders 297 Chapter 11 Personality Disorders Scott T. Gaynor & Susan C. Baird Western Michigan University Description of Problem The term personality is generally used descriptively; that is, as a summary label for how someone has behaved and is likely to behave. For example, when it is said that someone has an extroverted personality what is meant is that in the past this person has been very outgoing and talkative and is likely to be so again. Thus, when psychologists and laypersons alike refer to personality what is often being communicated is the presence of a somewhat predictable pattern of behavior that is consistent across time and situations. This is apparent in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Asso- ciation, 2000) which describes personality traits as “enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts” (p. 686). According to the DSM (APA, 2000), personality traits become personality disorders (PDs) when the patterns of behavior deviate markedly from cultural norms and are so rigid and stable over time and across situations that they cause significant subjective distress or impairment in an important area of functioning. The DSM further clarifies that these patterns must be manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control. Cognition is specified to mean perceiving and interpreting self, others, and events. Affect includes the range, intensity, and appropriateness of the emotional response. The DSM further specifies that a PD diagnosis requires report of a long- term pattern of similar functioning to ensure that the particular personality feature has been evident since adolescence or early adulthood.
eBook - PDFAbnormal Psychology
An Integrative Approach
- David Barlow, V. Durand, Stefan Hofmann, , David Barlow, V. Durand, Stefan Hofmann(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Cluster B—Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders Antisocial personality disorder A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Borderline personality disorder A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses. Histrionic personality disorder A pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking. Narcissistic personality disorder A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy. Cluster C—Anxious or Fearful Disorders Avoidant personality disorder A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Dependent personality disorder A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. TABLE 12.1 Source: Reprinted, with permission, from American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author, © 2013 American Psychiatric Association. Personality Disorders Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-208 452 CHAPTER 12 PERSONALITY DISORDERS disorder display a characteristic disregard for the rights and feel-ings of others; they tend to continue their destructive behaviors of lying and manipulation through adulthood. Fortunately, some tend to “burn out” in middle adulthood, reflected in a decline in the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder across the lifespan (Vachon et al., 2013).
eBook - PDF- V. Durand, David Barlow, Stefan Hofmann, , V. Durand, David Barlow, Stefan Hofmann(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Cluster B—Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders Antisocial personality disorder A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Borderline personality disorder A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses. Histrionic personality disorder A pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking. Narcissistic personality disorder A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy. Cluster C—Anxious or Fearful Disorders Avoidant personality disorder A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Dependent personality disorder A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and cling- ing behavior and fears of separation. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. SOURCE: Reprinted, with permission, from American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author, © 2013 American Psychiatric Association. TABLE 11.2 Statistics and Development of Personality Disorders Disorder Prevalence* Gender Differences* Course Paranoid personality disorder In the clinical population: 6.3%–9.6% Approximately equal among men and women Insufficient information In the general population: 1.5%–1.8% Schizoid personality disorder In the clinical population: 1.4%–1.9% Slightly more common among men Insufficient information In the general population: 0.9%–1.2% Schizotypal personality disorder In the clinical population: 6.4%–5.7% Slightly more common among men Chronic; some go on to develop schizophrenia In the general population: 0.7%–1.1% (Continued) Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning.
eBook - PDFAbnormal Psychology
The Science and Treatment of Psychological Disorders, DSM-5-TR Update
- Ann M. Kring, Sheri L. Johnson(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Eventually the anger comes out. And it’s usually scary—to others and to me.” [She describes the high intensity of her emotions, their rapid shifts, and the exhaustion she feels as she experiences them]. The therapist continues, “Do you cut and burn yourself regularly?” “. . . it depends. When I was a teenager, it was constant. Now it’s periodic, mainly after breakups.” 434 CHAPTER 15 Personality Disorders Personality disorders are defined by enduring problems with forming a stable positive identity and with sustaining close and constructive relationships. Although all 10 of the personality disorders in DSM-5-TR are defined by extreme and inflexible traits, they cover a broad range of symptom profiles. For example, paranoid personality disorder is defined by chronic tendencies to be mistrustful and suspicious, antisocial personality disorder by patterns of irresponsibility and callous disregard for the rights of others, and dependent per- sonality disorder by an overreliance on others. From time to time, we all behave, think, and feel in ways that are similar to symptoms of personality disorders, but an actual personality disorder is defined by the persistent, pervasive, and maladaptive ways in which these traits are expressed. Our personalities shape almost every domain of our lives—our career choices, the quality of our relationships, the size of our social network, our favorite pastimes and preferred level of activity, our approach to tackling everyday problems, our willingness to break rules, and our typical level of well-being (Ozer & Benet-Martinez, 2006). Given how many areas of our life are shaped by personality traits, it stands to reason that the extreme and inflexible traits found in personality disorders would create problems in multiple domains. People with personality dis- orders experience difficulties with their identity and their relationships, and these problems are sustained for years, as illustrated in Read More About It 15.1.
Available until 23 Dec |Learn more- Michael B. First, Andrew E. Skodol, Janet B. W. Williams, Robert L. Spitzer(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- American Psychiatric Association Publishing(Publisher)
CHAPTER 18Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders are among the most impairing of mental disorders, are difficult to diagnose, and are challenging to treat. Personality Disorders are typified by significant problems in self-appraisal and self-regulation and by impaired interpersonal relationships. Up to 50% of all patients evaluated in clinical settings have a Personality Disorder, often in combination with other mental disorders, making Personality Disorders among the most common disorders seen by mental health professionals.Two models of Personality Disorders are provided in DSM-5:- In the main section of DSM-5 (i.e., Section II, “Diagnostic Criteria and Codes”), a Personality Disorder is defined as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment” (DSM-5, p. 645). The pattern is manifested in two or more of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.
- In Section III, “Emerging Measures and Models,” an Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders is provided, because the Personality Disorder features described in the main section of DSM-5 are not specific to Personality Disorders and may characterize other chronic mental disorders. According to this alternative empirically derived model, Personality Disorders are characterized by impairments in personality functioning, including the areas of identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy, and by the presence of pathological personality traits (DSM-5, p. 761). Impairments in personality functioning have been demonstrated to be core features of personality psychopathology and to accurately identify Personality Disorders, thus aiding in the discrimination of Personality Disorders from other types of mental disorders. Pathological personality traits
eBook - PDF- Cavaiola, Alan A.(Authors)
- 1(Publication Date)
- New Harbinger Publications(Publisher)
Personality disorders are separate and distinct from other types of mental disor- ders in a number of ways that we will address shortly. Identifying, defining, and diagnosing personality disorders can be a tricky business. Mental-health professionals often conceptualize mental disorders from different theoretical perspectives, using dif- ferent technical vocabularies. This can often be very confusing to professionals, let alone the lay person. Consequently, there is a refer- ence guide that we use to eliminate a lot of the confusion. The Diag- nostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) is a book that sets the guidelines for diagnosing mental disorders. It is “The Bible” of all abnormal psychology texts in that it provides what are considered the standard and universally accepted definitions of mental disorders. It allows mental health professionals to communicate with each other about various disorders without resorting to pet theories or faddish terminologies. In short, if it isn’t in DSM-IV, it probably isn’t a legitimate disorder. DSM-IV defines a personality disorder as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectation of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment (American Psychiatric Associa- tion 1994, 633).” Additionally, DSM-IV states that, in order to be diagnosed as having a personality disorder, one has to have “. . . impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of func- tioning.” It is precisely the area of occupational functioning that this book addresses. In the chapters that follow, we’ll attempt to describe the symptoms of each specific personality disorder. This chapter will deal with symptoms that are common to all or most personality disorders.
eBook - PDF- Gordon L. Flett, Nancy L. Kocovski, Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
This section outlines the Alternative Model for Personality TABLE 13.1 DSM-5 Criteria for General Personality Disorder A. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that devi- ates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. The pattern is manifest in two (or more) of the following areas: 1. Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting the self, other people, and events) 2. Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriate- ness of emotional response) 3. Interpersonal functioning 4. Impulse control B. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations. C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood. E. The enduring pattern is not better explained as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder. F. The enduring pattern is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. Reprinted with Permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2013. American Psychiatric Association. pp. 646–647. 13.1 Classifying Personality Disorders: Clusters, Categories, and Problems 391 do not fit well with the description of OCPD. Ayearst, Flett, and Hewitt (2012) outlined several reasons why multi-dimensional perfectionism merits consideration, including the fact that it is a personality style that is relatively unique and it typically accounts for significant variance in personality dysfunction beyond the variance accounted for by the other personality trait dimen- sions that comprise the multi-trait models.
eBook - ePubSelecting Effective Treatments
A Comprehensive, Systematic Guide to Treating Mental Disorders
- Lourie W. Reichenberg, Linda Seligman(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Common cognitive and perceptual distortions that occur include psychic or paranormal experiences, ideas of reference, and bodily illusions (e.g., out-of-body experiences, or that their face is twitching when in fact it is not). These illusions or delusions occur frequently and cause others to consider the person as odd or eccentric (Mohr & Blanke, 2005). They may, for example, talk to themselves out loud, dress oddly, fail to maintain appropriate grooming habits, and exhibit overly metaphorical or vague and circumspect speech. For example, a woman may wear a formal dress to a casual family reunion or gesture wildly with her hands while appearing to talk to someone who no one else can see. Magical thinking and superstitions that are part of religious beliefs should not be mistaken for schizotypal personality disorder. DSM-5 suggests that all clients should be evaluated in the context of their religious and cultural backgrounds. Anxiety, hypersensitivity, and social isolation are common for people with this disorder, as are difficulties in school and personal interactions with peers. According to DSM-5, the onset of schizotypal features in adolescence may be the result of stress or intermittent emotional problems and may resolve after the crisis has passed. Generally, the personality disorder maintains a stable course and most people will not go on to develop another psychotic disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder). But the reduction in social and role functioning and any co-occurring disorders can result in poor long-term outcomes (Ryan, Macdonald, & Walker, 2013). Additionally, adolescents who develop schizotypal personality disorder are at increased risk for developing a psychotic disorder later in life (Addington & Heinssen, 2012)
- Carl W. Lejuez, Kim L. Gratz(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
In the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10; World Health Organization [WHO], 2016), symptoms of BPD are described under the label emotionally unstable person- ality disorder. According to these classification systems, core symptoms of BPD include disturbances in emotion (i.e., inappropriate and intense anger; marked reactivity of mood resulting in mood instability), cognition (i.e., per- sistently unstable self-image; chronic feelings of empti- ness; stress-related paranoid ideation or dissociation), interpersonal relationships (i.e., frantic or excessive efforts to avoid real or perceived abandonment; persistent patterns of intense and unstable relationships), and behav- ior (i.e., impulsive and potentially self-damaging behavior; recurrent suicidal or self-harm behavior). The DSM requires a minimum of five of nine criteria to be met for a diagnosis of BPD. The ICD requires three of five criteria describing persistent impulsivity and at least two of six criteria describing symptoms unique to BPD. The upcom- ing eleventh revision of the ICD proposes to include a mild, moderate, or severe personality disorder category with a borderline pattern specifier to recognize symptoms of BPD (WHO, 2018). Although clinicians often experience BPD patients as distinctly different from people with other mental health problems (depression, anxiety disorders, etc.), BPD has been difficult to delineate. A seemingly heterogeneous assortment of symptoms together with heterogeneity among individuals meeting diagnostic thresholds presents challenges. Following DSM-5 criteria, there are 256 poten- tial combinations of five of nine features, and, theoretic- ally, many different clinical presentations that fall within the BPD category. Some evidence from factor analytic studies of DSM criteria has similarly suggested that BPD may be a multidimensional construct (Sanislow, Grilo, & McGlashan, 2000; Sanislow et al., 2002).
eBook - PDF- Mario Maj(Author)
- 2005(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
(2002) Two approaches to identifying the dimensions of personality disorder: convergence on the five-factor model. In Personality 438 __________________________________________________________________ PERSONALITY DISORDERS Disorders and the Five Factor Model of Personality (Eds P.T. Costa Jr, T.A. Widiger), pp. 161–176, American Psychological Association, Washington. 108. Lynam D., Widiger T. (2001) Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: an expert consensus approach. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 110: 401–412. 109. Sprock J. (2002) A comparative study of the dimensions and facets of the five- factor model in the diagnosis of cases of personality disorder. J. Person. Disord., 16: 402–423. OBSESSIVE–COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER: A REVIEW ________________ 439 ____________________________ Commentaries 6.1 Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder: Elusive for Whom? Glen O. Gabbard 1 The elegant review by Costa et al. provides a superb summary of what is known about obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). As they note, the criteria for the disorder are problematic in some regards, because one must make a judgment regarding which of these features are adaptive and maladaptive with any one particular individual. Moreover, some of the features may be maladaptive for the individual but extremely useful for society. We see many persons with OCPD who are high-functioning pro- fessionals like physicians [1]. For groups such as physicians, society benefits by having a person who will be excessively conscientious, check and recheck diagnoses, and have an exaggerated responsibility for patients under his or her care. Nevertheless, a physician may have great difficulty in interpersonal relationships and family harmony as a result of this personality style at work. One could even argue that certain traits listed among the OCPD criteria in DSM-IV-TR are necessary for success in many professional fields.
Index pages curate the most relevant extracts from our library of academic textbooks. They’ve been created using an in-house natural language model (NLM), each adding context and meaning to key research topics.
