Technology & Engineering
Polymer Matrix Composites
Polymer matrix composites are materials made by combining a polymer matrix with reinforcing fibers or particles. The polymer matrix provides a lightweight and corrosion-resistant base, while the reinforcing materials enhance strength, stiffness, and other mechanical properties. These composites are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and construction industries for their high strength-to-weight ratio and design flexibility.
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11 Key excerpts on "Polymer Matrix Composites"
eBook - PDF- M. Balasubramanian(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
167 4 Polymer Matrix Composites Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) have become one of the important struc-tural engineering materials. This is not only because of the development of high-performance fibers such as carbon, polyethylene, and aramid but also because of some new and improved polymer matrix materials. The mechani-cal properties of polymers in general are inadequate for many engineering applications. In particular, their strength and stiffness are lower than those of metals and ceramics. Hence, there is considerable scope for improving the mechanical properties of these materials by incorporating reinforcements. The resulting composites have the advantage of easy fabrication of polymers with improved properties. PMCs are very common compared to metal and ceramic matrix composites. In general, the processing of polymeric materials does not require high temperatures and pressures. Hence, the fabrication of complex-shaped components is easy with these materials. The problems associated with the degradation of reinforcement during the fabrication are insignificant for PMCs due to lower processing temperatures. Moreover, the equipment required for the fabrications of PMCs are also simpler. Hence, the development in PMCs happened rapidly, and they have become the accepted materials for many structural applications. 4.1 Processing of Polymer Matrix Composites There is a variety of processing methods available to produce PMC parts. Depending on the quality, property, quantity, and cost of the product, a suit-able processing method can be selected. A brief overview of the different processing methods is as follows. Hand lay-up (contact molding) is a simple and cost-effective process. This process is often used to build large structures in small quantities. Reinforcements in the form of chopped strand mat (CSM) and woven rovings are generally used. The maximum fiber volume fraction that can be obtained by this process is 0.35.
eBook - PDFComposite Materials
Engineering and Science
- F L Matthews, R D Rawlings(Authors)
- 1999(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
Polymer Matrix Composites 5.1 INTRODUCTION The most common matrix materials for composites are polymeric. The reasons for this are twofold. First, as we saw in Chapter I, in general the mechanical properties of polymers are inadequate for many structural purposes. In particular their strength and stiffness are low compared with metals and ceramics. This meant that there was a considerable benefit to be gained by reinforcing polymers and that the reinforcement, initially at least, did not have to have exceptional properties. Secondly, as we will see in section 5.3, the processing of Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) need not involve high pressures and does not require high temperatures. It follows that problems associated with the degradation of the reinforcement during manufacture are less significant for PMCs than for composites with other matrices. Also the equipment required for PMCs may be simpler. For these reasons Polymer Matrix Composites developed rapidly and soon became accepted for structural applications. Today glass-reinforced polymers are still by far the most used composite material in terms of volume with the exception of concVete. A simple classification of polymers is given in Figure 5.1; the three classes, thermosets, thermoplastics and rubbers, are all important as far as matrices of PMCs are concerned. Within any class there are many differ-ent polymers, e.g., epoxy, polyester, polyimide and phenolic are all ther-mosets. Even a given polymer, such as polyester, exists in many forms; there are a large number of formulations, curing agents and fillers which result in an extensive range of properties for polyesters. Indeed, poly-esters, and other polymers, are often marketed according to their pro-perties by the employment of descriptive terms including 'general purpose', 'chemically resistant' and 'heat resistant'.
- F L Matthews, G A O Davies, D Hitchings, C Soutis(Authors)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
Of the three classes of polymers used as matrices, thermosets, thermoplastics and rubbers, thermosets dominate the market for structural applications. The mechanical properties of PMCs can vary widely depending on the choice of fibre and matrix, the coating applied to the fibres, and the manufacturing route. The main reason for the popularity of PMCs is their ease of processing. 2.4 Reference 1 Matthews F L & Rawlings R D, Composite Materials: Engineering and Science , Cambridge, Woodhead, 1999. 16 Overview and review of composite materials 3 Stiffness and strength of composites 3.1 Stiffness of unidirectional composites and laminates 3.1.1 Introduction When analysing composite structures using finite elements we need to supply to the software appropriate input data for the material being used. Typically for composites we shall need moduli and strength of the single plies that constitute a laminate. Occasionally we may input the laminate properties directly. In this chapter we shall address the essential background relating to the above issues. Initially we shall work with ‘macromechanics’ in which case we ignore the details of the fibres and matrix and their interactions. Later in the chapter we shall look at these interactions in what is known as ‘micromechanics’. When calculating the mechanical properties of composites it is conve-nient to start by considering a composite in which all the fibres are aligned in one direction (i.e. a unidirectional composite). This basic ‘building block’ can then be used to predict the behaviour of continuous fibre multidirec-tional laminates, as well as short fibre, non-aligned systems. The essential point about a unidirectional fibre composite is that its stiff-ness (and strength) are different in different directions.This behaviour con-trasts with a metal with a random orientation of grains, or other isotropic material, which has the same elastic properties in all directions.
- Suresh G Advani, Kuang-Ting Hsiao(Authors)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
Part I Manufacturing of Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs): short fiber and nanomaterial based processing
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Introduction to composites and manufacturing processes
S.G. Advani, University of Delaware, USAK.-T. Hsiao, University of South Alabama, USAAbstract:
This chapter introduces the range of manufacturing processes for Polymer Matrix Composites discussed in detail in the book Manufacturing techniques for Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs). It discusses short-fiber composite molding processes, such as injection and compression molding, as well as the processing of polymer nanocomposites. The chapter also highlights high-viscosity thermoplastics-based processes such as sheet forming, thermostamping and filament winding. Finally, the chapter considers processes for thermoset matrices such as resin transfer molding, pultrusion, autoclave and out-of-autoclave processing.Key words Polymer Matrix Composites short-fiber composite molding processes polymer nanocomposites thermoplastics thermosets1.1 Processing of Polymer Matrix Composites
Polymer Matrix Composites consist of particles or fibers embedded in polymer matrices. The particles or/and fibers are introduced to enhance selected properties of the composite. The particles on the micron scale usually provide better thermal stability and toughness whereas particles at the nano scale such as nanoclays can improve physical and mechanical properties. Long aspect ratio particles such as whiskers and short fibers or continuous fibers are added to reinforce physical and mechanical properties. Continuous fiber reinforcements usually provide the highest improvement in mechanical properties such as stiffness and strength and can be introduced in various forms such as continuous random mat, woven fabric, and stitched fabric, unidirectional or bidirectional fabric. The polymer matrices addressed in this book are thermosets and thermoplastics. The fiber material is usually glass, carbon or aramid. Often these materials are introduced in a precursor form in the manufacturing process. The precursor form usually mixes the fibers and resin in the form of a pellet (short fibers embedded in a solid matrix) or prepregs (continuous fibers with resin attached to them in terms of a powder or pre-impregnated partially cured resin). For further reading on types of reinforcements and various forms available, we refer the interested reader to chapters in other textbooks on the topic.1 –4
- Boreddy Reddy(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
22 Polymeric Nanocomposite Materials Masoud Salavati-Niasari 1,2 and Davood Ghanbari 1 1 Institute of Nano Science and Nano Technology, University of Kashan, 2 Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran 1. Introduction Nowadays the enormous use of polymer materials is attributed to their extraordinary combination of properties, low weight and ease of processing. However for improvement of some properties such as thermal and mechanical stability, large numbers of additives were added to polymeric matrix and formed polymer matrix composite [1, 2]. A composite is defined as a combination of two or more materials with different physical and chemical properties and distinguishable interface. Composite materials have a wonderful and different range of applications. Important advantages of composites over many metal compounds are high specific stiffness and specific strength, high toughness, corrosion resistance, low density and thermal insulation [1-3]. In most composite materials, one phase is usually continuous and called the matrix, while the other phase called the dispersed phase. On the basis of the nature of the matrices, composites can be classified into four major categories: 1. Polymer matrix composite 2. Metal matrix composite 3. Ceramic matrix composite 4. Carbon matrix composite [4]. Polymer matrix composite can be processed at a much lower temperature, compared to other composite. Depending on the types of polymer matrices, polymer matrix composite are classified as thermosetting composites and thermoplastic composites [4]. 2. Polymer matrix nanocomposite Scientists for improve the properties of composite materials investigate composites with lower and lower fillers size, leading to the development of microcomposites and the recent trend in composite research is nanocomposites.
eBook - PDFAdditive Manufacturing with Novel Materials
Process, Properties and Applications
- R. Rajasekar, C. Moganapriya, P. Sathish Kumar(Authors)
- 2024(Publication Date)
- Wiley-Scrivener(Publisher)
The final product’s performance is also dependent on factors such as the reinforcement type used, its concentration, fiber length, and the nature of the fiber-matrix interface. Thus, it is very important to optimize these fac- tors in order to produce the composite products with the desired quality. AM technologies for PMCs have specific requirements for material prop- erty like rheology properties and melting point. It is therefore important to design and choose the polymers for 3D printing as per the polymer char- acteristics. The capability of 3D printing in converting AM from a basic 228 Additive Manufacturing with Novel Materials prototyping process to a strong composite fabrication method is remark- ably evident in the production of MMCs and PMCs. References 1. Froes, F. and Boyer, R., Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry, Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2019. 2. Al Rashid, A., Khan, S.A., G. Al-Ghamdi, S., Koç, M., Additive manufactur- ing: Technology, applications, markets, and opportunities for the built envi- ronment. Autom. Constr., 118, 103268, 2020. 3. Shalnova, S.A., Volosevich, D.V., Sannikov, M.I., Magidov, I.S., Mikhaylovskiy, K.V., Turichin, G.A., Klimova-Korsmik, O.G., Direct energy deposition of SiC reinforced Ti–6Al–4V metal matrix composites: Structure and mechan- ical properties. Ceram. Int., 48, 23, 35076–35084, 2022. 4. Xu, R., Li, R., Yuan, T., Zhu, H., Li, P., Microstructure and mechanical prop- erties of TiC-reinforced Al–Mg–Sc–Zr composites additively manufactured by laser direct energy deposition.
eBook - PDFMetal Matrix Composites
Custom-made Materials for Automotive and Aerospace Engineering
- Karl U. Kainer(Author)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- Wiley-VCH(Publisher)
10 Powder Metallurgically Manufactured Metal Matrix Composites Norbert Hort and Karl Ulrich Kainer 10.1 Summary Powder metallurgically manufactured metal matrix composites (PM-MMC) offer economical solutions for the production of high performance materials. A multi- plicity of material combinations can be manufactured, which can be optimally adapted to their respective application purposes. At the same time the current pro- cedures for the production of the source powders for both the metallic matrix as well as the selected reinforcement components offer further shapeable parame- ters, for which the characteristics of materials and construction units can be opti- mally conceived to their application purpose. With manufacturing and processing methods available, construction units can be produced close to the final contour, which have economically optimal characteristic combinations and can also be pro- duced in long production runs. At the same time with PM-MMC many disadvan- tages, associated with the fusion metallurgical production of composite materials with a metallic matrix (MMC) can be avoided. 10.2 Introduction Metal matrix composites (MMC) represent an alternative to conventional materials for the production of high performance materials. The materials can be manufac- tured in such a way as to exhibit a combination of the characteristics of the metal- lic matrix and the reinforcement phase. The characteristic profile thus developed can be adapted to the respective requirements of application and an optimal util- ization of the characteristics of matrix and reinforcement component is made pos- sible. Matrix and reinforcement components have shared interfaces, which are ab- solutely necessary for the fulfillment of the tasks undertaken by the MMCs. There is a set of possibilities for the definition of metal matrix composites, which can differ strongly. While it is agreed that the matrix has proportionally the largest 243
eBook - PDF- T. W. Clyne, D. Hull(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
15 Fabrication of Composites An important aspect of composite materials concerns the technology by which they are produced. Depending on the nature of matrix and fibre, and the required architecture of fibre distribution, production at reasonable cost and with suitable microstructural quality can present a challenge. In most cases, manufacture of the final component and production of the composite material are carried out at the same time. This gives scope for optimal fibre placement and distribution of orientations, but also requires that the mechanical requirements of the application be well understood and that the processing route be tailored accordingly. Fabrication procedures for most commercially important (fibre-reinforced polymer) composites are technically mature, but there are some types of composite for which processing routes are still under development. 15.1 Polymer Matrix Composites There are many commercial processes for the manufacture of polymer matrix composite (PMC) components. Reviews are available [1–6] covering different aspects of the technological issues involved. These processes may be subdivided in a variety of ways, but broadly speaking there are three main approaches to the manufacture of fibre-reinforced thermosetting resins and two distinct production methods for thermo- plastic composites. These are briefly covered below under separate headings. In all cases, the main microstructural objectives are to ensure that the fibres are well wetted, uniformly distributed and correctly aligned. Practical considerations relating to capital cost, speed of production and component size and shape are often of paramount importance. It may be noted at this point that the fibres are most commonly glass or carbon, usually with diameters in the range 7–12 μm. Most of the techniques can in principle be employed with much finer fibres, such as carbon nanotubes or nano-fibrils.
eBook - PDF- Vikas Mittal(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
1 1 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Nanocomposite Foams Yan Li, Zhenhua Chen, and Changchun Zeng 1.1 INTRODUCTION PMMA is an important polymer for mechanical and optical applications due to its feasibility, good tensile strength and hardness, high rigidity, high transparency in the visible wavelength range, high surface resistivity, good insulation properties, and thermal stability. In the last two decades, PMMA nanocomposites incorporat-ing nanoscale particles have attracted increasing attention from both academia and industry because of the high potential for new and/or improved properties enabled and/or enhanced by these nanoparticles (Burda et al., 2005). CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Synthesis of PMMA Nanocomposites .............................................................. 2 1.2.1 Solution Blending ................................................................................. 3 1.2.2 Melt Blending ....................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 In Situ Polymerization .......................................................................... 4 1.3 PMMA Nanocomposite Foam Preparation ...................................................... 6 1.3.1 Noncontinuous Foaming ....................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Continuous Foaming ............................................................................. 7 1.3.3 Retrograde Foaming ............................................................................. 7 1.4 Morphology and Properties ............................................................................ 10 1.4.1 Morphology ........................................................................................ 12 1.4.1.1 Effect of Nanoparticle Geometry and Concentration ..........
eBook - PDFApplied Materials Science
Applications of Engineering Materials in Structural, Electronics, Thermal, and Other Industries
- Deborah D. L. Chung(Author)
- 2001(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
29 Polymer-Matrix Composites for Microelectronics CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Applications in Microelectronics ................................................................... 30 3.3 Polymer-Matrix Composites .......................................................................... 33 3.3.1 Polymer-Matrix Composites with Continuous Fillers ....................... 34 3.3.2 Polymer-Matrix Composites with Discontinuous Fillers .................. 35 3.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 39 References ................................................................................................................ 39 SYNOPSIS Polymer-matrix composite materials for microelectronics are reviewed in terms of the science and applications. They include those with continuous and dis-continuous fillers in the form of particles and fibers, as designed for high thermal con-ductivity, low thermal expansion, low dielectric constant, high/low electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic interference shielding. Applications include heat sinks, housings, printed wiring boards, substrates, lids, die attach, encapsulation, interconnections, and thermal interface materials. RELEVANT APPENDICES: A, B, C 3.1 INTRODUCTION Composite materials are usually designed for use as structural materials. With the rapid growth of the electronics industry, they are finding more and more electronic applications. Due to the vast difference in property requirements between structural and electronic composites, the design criteria are different. While structural com-posites emphasize high strength and high modulus, electronic composites emphasize high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion, low dielectric constant, high/low 3
- Flake C Campbell Jr(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
Chapter 7 Polymer Matrix Composites Manufacturing Technology for Aerospace Structural Materials The advantages of high performance composites are many, including lighter weight; the ability to tailor lay-ups for optimum strength and stiffness; improved fatigue strength; corrosion resistance; and with good design practice, reduced assembly costs due to fewer detail parts and fasteners. The specific strength (strength/density) and specific modulus (modulus/density) of high strength fiber composites, especially carbon, are higher than other comparable aerospace metallic alloys. This translates into greater weight savings resulting in improved performance, greater payloads, longer range, and fuel savings. A comparison of the overall structural efficiency of carbon/epoxy, Ti-6Al-4V, and 7075-T6 aluminum is given in Fig. 7.1. Composites do not corrode and their fatigue resistance is outstanding. Corro-sion of aluminum alloys is a major cost, and a constant maintenance problem, for both commercial and military aircraft. The corrosion resistance of compos-ites can result in major savings in supportability costs. The superior fatigue resistance of composites, compared to high strength metals, is shown in Fig. 7.2. As long as reasonable design strain levels are used, fatigue of carbon fiber composites should not be a problem. Assembly costs usually account for about 50% of the cost of an airframe. Composites offer the opportunity to significantly reduce the amount of assembly labor and fasteners. Detail parts can be combined into a single cured assembly, either during initial cure or by secondarily adhesive bonding.
Index pages curate the most relevant extracts from our library of academic textbooks. They’ve been created using an in-house natural language model (NLM), each adding context and meaning to key research topics.
