Quality Tools

7 Key excerpts on "Quality Tools"

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  eBook - ePub

  Quality Management in Construction Projects

  • Abdul Razzak Rumane(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  (Source : Feigenbaum, A.V. (1991), Total Quality Control, Reprinted with permission of The McGraw-Hill Education.) Quality engineering becomes the field, or apex, of the triangle. The technical work area of the discipline—quality systems implementation—is shown in the first tier. The second tier then shows the principal techniques of quality engineering technology. Quality engineering relates the particular requirements of the plant and companies to the available quality technology—including both hardware equipment and planning and control actions—to put in place much of the ongoing operating detail of the quality systems framework for the firm. Quality engineering technology thus provides the technical areas to deal with such questions as the following: What are the specific details of the control activities to take place during the development and production and service cycles? Will these quality activities best be accomplished through the use of quality information equipment or by the use of people guided by procedures? What information and material inputs will be needed? What type of information data is required? How should it be analyzed, and what sort of feedback should be used? Depending upon the differences in the product-quality levels encountered, what criteria are there for alternative courses of corrective action? Feigenbaum (1991) has further elaborated the entire range of techniques used in quality engineering technology by grouping them under three major headings: Formulating of quality policy. Included here are techniques for identifying the quality objectives and quality policy of a particular company as a foundation for quality analysis and systems implementation. Product-quality analysis. Techniques for analyzing include those for isolating and identifying the principal actors that relate to the quality of the product in its served market

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  eBook - ePub

  Food Control and Biosecurity

  • Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu, Alina Maria Holban(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  Vining et al., 2016 ).

  2. Seven Basic Quality Tools

  Some authors stress that without the usage of suitable Quality Tools there is no successful implementation of any quality assurance systems (Bayo-Moriones and Merino-Díaz de Cerio, 2001 ; Djekic et al., 2014b ; Sousa et al., 2005 ). This also implies high rates of failures in implementing improvement tools (Cândido and Santos, 2011 ; Tarí et al., 2007 ). Because variability is often a major source of poor quality, statistical techniques, including statistical process control (SPC), are the major tools of quality control and improvement (Montgomery, 2013 ). These tools are necessary to provide adequate quality control.

  A Japanese scientist, Kaoru Ishikawa, determined seven basic Quality Tools that should be implemented in every company: flowcharts, check sheets, histograms, Pareto diagrams, cause and effect diagrams, scatter diagrams, and control charts (Ishikawa, 1986; Tarí and Sabater, 2004 ). The American Society for Quality refers to them as “the old,” “the first,” or “the basic seven” (Tague, 2004 ) while Montgomery calls them the “magnificent seven” (Montgomery, 2009 ). Usage of these visual tools allows factory workers to diagnose and possibly eliminate their quality problems without detailed knowledge of statistics (Smith et al., 2014 ). Simple presentation of the rationale for using these tools is presented in Table 3.1 (Đekić, 2010

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  eBook - ePub

  Practitioner's Guide to Statistics and Lean Six Sigma for Process Improvements

  • Mikel J. Harry, Prem S. Mann, Ofelia C. De Hodgins, Richard L. Hulbert, Christopher J. Lacke(Authors)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  7 Quality Tools 7.1 OVERVIEW

  This chapter will provide the practitioner with an array of classical quality improvement methods and diagnostic tools commonly associated with such initiatives as Six Sigma, Lean Sigma, total quality management (TQM), eight disciplines (8D), and other fine process improvement programs. Specifically, the practitioner will learn how to establish basic cause– effect relationships, solve ongoing operational problems, and discover how to enhance or otherwise improve daily operations. Furthermore, the practitioner will learn how data can be collected and graphically analyzed to track down unwanted sources of product and process variation, thereby reducing product defects, process cycle time, and operational costs.

  These time-proven methods and tools can serve as the backbone for virtually any type of quality improvement effort. Naturally, the tools and methods presented in this course can serve as an excellent entry point for a Six Sigma X-Belt program or be linked to other initiatives such as Lean manufacturing to form a Lean Sigma initiative. Such an integrated approach can often represent a viable alternative for a commercial enterprise or small business that is dedicated to increasing customer satisfaction and business performance. Reinforcement of major concepts, techniques, and application is realized through exercises, Graphical representation of data, such as bar graphs, histograms, run charts, time charts, pie charts, Pareto charts, and Multi-Vari charts, which are frequently used to help us understand the true importance of data. By way of this training, the practitioner will gain insight into the logic and reasoning that underlies Six Sigma and the process of breakthrough improvement.

  While this may be a review to some practitioners, the objective of this chapter is to ensure a common understanding of basic graphical representations used to analyze data. A brief discussion on the nature of Six Sigma variables is also included.

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  eBook - ePub

  Fundamentals of Software Engineering

  Designed to provide an insight into the software engineering concepts

  • Hitesh Mohapatra, Hitesh Mohapatra, Amiya Kumar Rath(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • BPB Publications

    (Publisher)

  Independent development: In this scheme, more or more of the N-items are independently developed units of software. This helps to prevent the simultaneous failure of all items due to a common coding error.

  Tools and Techniques

  Some of the useful fault-tolerance techniques are described under subsection D, above. Standard statistical techniques can be used to manipulate nonconformance data. In addition, there is considerable experimentation with the Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) technique adapted from hardware reliability engineering. In particular, the FMEA can be used to identify the failure modes or other assemble (hardware) system states which can then lead the quality engineer to an analysis of the software that controls the system as it assumes those states.

  There are also tools that are useful for quality engineering. They include system and software simulators, which allow the modeling of system behavior; dynamic analyzers, which detect the portions of the code that are used most intensively; software tools that are used to compute metrics from code or designs; and a host of special purpose tools that can, for example, detect all system calls to help decide on portability limits.

  Characteristics of Software Quality

  Software has both external and internal quality characteristics. External characteristics are the characteristics that a user of the software product is aware of, and it includes:

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  Available until 21 Apr |Learn more

  Management for Quality Improvement

  The 7 New QC Tools

  • Sigeru Mizuno(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Productivity Press

    (Publisher)

  These constitute fields of company-wide QC activities. Results from using these tools have proven to be most effective when they are used comprehensively throughout companies, from managers to TQC circle members. However, managers and staff need special techniques in order to utilize the tools mentioned here and elsewhere.

  In addition to the seven tools listed above, the tools used in quality control include a number of statistical methods, experimental design methods, and multivariate analysis methods. These tools, however, are used for obtaining data and analyzing available data after the objectives of the investigation have been decided. Although statistical quality control is based on these methods, as a practical matter, not all managers and staff can become proficient enough with statistics to use these tools.

  Hopefully, managers and staff will consider the complex relationships among technical details and between departments and then organize and systematize this information as they initiate the phases of their QC activities. In order to accomplish this, managers and staff need new tools to help sort the confusing elements, uncover the underlying problems, and devise a measure of the extent of implementation. This need has long been recognized by authorities in the field of quality control, and the development of a partial solution has been advocated for some time now (see the first section of Chap. 3 ). It is important to think about how to treat previous problems rather than to simply gather more data. Of the original seven tools, only the cause-and-effect diagram appears to accommodate this need. However, expectations for the seven new tools run high.

  Basically, there are seven desirable prerequisites for any tools or methods designed to be of use in the new era. The following subsections illustrate these prerequisites.

  The ability to process verbal information

  In general, the problems confronting managers and staff involve more verbal data. This is usually data involving both in-house and out-of-house matters, i.e., dealing with technological as well as market information. Managers and staff have a high-level ability to make use of this information. In the promotion of total quality control, it is important to transform language data into either graphs or some other quantitative form so that everyone in the company has equal access to it.

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  eBook - PDF

  Total Quality Management for Engineers

  • M Zairi(Author)
  • 1991(Publication Date)
  • Woodhead Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Defining TQM: Tools and techniques 0 Knowledge work, flexibility and the encouragement of creative output in terms of quality rather than quantity. There can be many more advantages resulting from the study of variation. Depending on the level of commitment and determination to incorporate process improvement at the heart of business activities, the degree of benefits achieved will vary from organisation to organisation. WHAT ARE THE TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR TQM? There are two categories of tools and techniques used in quality improvement - Ishikawa's seven tools and the seven new tools for managing quality. Ishikawa's tools for quality improvement Ishikawa's tools and techniques are based on statistical techniques. This is because he argues, like many others, that quality cannot be managed and improved upon without use of statistics. He has categorised the statistical techniques which can be used in the area of quality improvement in three categorie~:~' Elemental statistical techniques 0 Pareto analysis; 0 Cause and effect diagram; 0 Stratification; 0 Check sheets; 0 Scatter diagram; 0 Graph and Shewart control chart. Intermediate statistical techniques 0 Theory of sampling surveys; 0 Statistical sampling inspection; 0 Various methods of statistical estimation and hypothesis testing; 0 Methods of utilising sensory tests; 0 Methods of experiment design. Advanced statistical method (using computers) 0 Advanced experimental design; 0 Multivariate analysis; 0 Operations research methods. The seven elemental statistical techniques are perhaps considered the most widely used tools. Ishikawa recommends their use to everyone in the organisation. His 99 Total Qualiiy Management for engineers experience shows that 95% of the encountered quality problems can be solved by using the seven elemental techniques. It is important, according to Ishikawa, that everyone learns how to use the basic techniques from operator level, to the CEO.

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  eBook - ePub

  Quality Management

  How to Achieve Sustainability in Projects

  • Abdul Razzak Rumane(Author)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Source: Abdul Razzak Rumane (2013). Quality Tools for Managing Construction Projects. Reprinted with permission of Taylor & Francis Group.

  3.2.9.4 Impact of the Six Sigma Strategy

  The Six Sigma strategy affects five fundamental areas of business:

  1. Process improvement
  2. Product and service improvement
  3. Customer satisfaction
  4. Design methodology
  5. Supplier improvement

  (Source: Abdul Razzak Rumane (20170), Quality Management in Construction Projects, Reprinted with permission from Taylor & Francis Group).

  3.2.10 TRIZ

  TRIZ is short for teirija rezhenijia izobretalenksh zadach (theory of inventive problem-solving), developed by the Russian scientist Genrish Altshuller. TRIZ provides systematic methods and tools for analysis and innovative problem-solving to support the decision-making process.

  Continuous and effective quality improvement is critical for an organization’s growth, sustainability, and competitiveness. The cost of quality is associated with both chronic and sporadic problems. Engineers are required to identify, analyze the causes, and solve these problems by applying various quality improvement tools. Any of these Quality Tools taken individually does not allow a quality practitioner to carry out a whole problem-solving cycle. These tools are useful for solving a particular type of problem and need a combination of various tools and methods to find problem solutions. TRIZ is an approach which starts at a point where fresh thinking is needed to develop a new process or to redesign a process. It focuses on a method for developing ideas to improve a process, get something done, design a new approach, or redesign an existing approach. TRIZ offers a more systematic, although still universal, approach to problem-solving. TRIZ has advantages over other problem-solving approaches in terms of time efficiency and is also a low-cost quality improvement solution. The pillar of TRIZ is the realization that contradictions can be methodically resolved through the application of innovative solutions. Altshuller defined an inventive problem as one containing a contradiction. He defined contradiction as a situation where an attempt to improve one feature of a system detracts from another feature.

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