Technology & Engineering
Sail Aerodynamics
Sail aerodynamics is the study of the forces and airflow that affect the performance of sails on boats. It involves understanding the principles of lift and drag, as well as the effects of wind speed and direction on sail shape and trim. Sail aerodynamics is important for optimizing sail design and performance in sailing competitions and recreational sailing.
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3 Key excerpts on "Sail Aerodynamics"
eBook - PDF- Carlos Guedes Soares, Y. Garbatov, S. Sutulo, T.A. Santos(Authors)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
In the present day, we can refer to the 2010 Amer- ica’s Cup that was won by a trimaran equipped with a wing sail. Wing sails are associated with high performance sailing vehicles; however there are not much published scientific studies dedicated to the performance of rigid wing sails. The purpose of this work is to study the performance of rigid wing using aerodynamic force data from wind tunnel measurements of the lift and drag forces and to study the operation of the rigid sail in upwind sailing. 2 UPWIND Sail Aerodynamics 2.1 Aerodynamic forces The dynamics of sailing vehicles is determined by the balance of the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic forces acting on them, depicted in Figure 1. When sailing against the wind (upwind sailing), yachts move through water due to the propulsion force F P develop by the sails when the incident wind passes over them. Figure 1. Aerodynamic forces in a sailing yacht in upwind sailing. In equilibrium conditions this propulsion forces bal- ances the hydrodynamic resistance produced by the hull and appendages moving through the water. The sails also produce another force, the heeling or lateral force F L that acts in a perpendicular direction to the vehicle’s track (hence perpendicular to the propulsion force). This lateral force is balanced by the hydrodynamic lateral force of the hull and appendages and its heeling moment is balanced by righting moment of the hull and appendages. Due to the motion of the vehicle, the incident wind – the wind “seen” by the sails – is a vector composition of the true wind vector and the vehicle’s velocity vector. This apparent wind is then defined by its magnitude V A and angle with respect to the vehicle’s centreline β A , as in Figure 1, and its dependence on the true wind’s magnitude and direction and on the vehicle’s speed is given by: 45 where V T and β T are the velocity and angle of the true wind and V is the yacht’s velocity.
- Arthur Rizzi, Jesper Oppelstrup(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
The science of aerodynamics involves two apparently separate, but in fact related, studies. Fundamental aerodynamics is concerned with the qualitative and quantitative examination of air in motion – with its displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Applied aerodynamics concerns the physical forces exerted by air on the bodies immersed therein through the motion of the air relative to the body. There are four major questions to be addressed: (1) How is the aerodynamic force created to keep an aircraft in the air, and how does this force vary with shape, attitude, and speed? This is the problem of lift. (2) What is the propulsive force necessary to keep the aircraft moving through the air? This problem is associated with the air resistance or drag, which is fundamental to the general study of aircraft performance. (3) How does the force and its distribution on the aircraft vary in flight? This is the problem of the stability and control of aircraft. (4) How do the airloads during flight deform the airplane into the flight shape? This is the engineering field of (static) aero-elasticity. Aerodynamics is seen by some as a branch of applied mathematics; others consider it largely an experimental subject. Mathematical analysis alone, however, is ineffective, as its necessary simplifying assumptions prove useful only in some situations, but they are invalid in others. On the other hand, to proceed only by experiment limits one’s knowledge to very specific situations and inhibits the making of reliable predictions. The aerodynamicist, therefore, needs good enough theories to combine both of these approaches, using analysis to deepen and extend their knowledge. Continuous experimenting is required to check the validity of the assumptions and to improve understanding of the physics. Answers are always to some extent approximate, and the conclusions drawn are often limited to certain classes of situations.
eBook - PDF- Carlos Guedes Soares, Fernando Lopez Pena, Carlos Guedes Soares, Fernando Lopez Pena(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Wind tunnel techniques for investigation and optimization of sailing yachts aerodynamics. The 2th High Performance Yacht Design Conference. Proc. intern. symp. Auckland: RINA. Marchaj, C.A. 1988. Aero-hydrodynamics of sailing. 2nd Ed. London: Adlard Coles. Mazzuca, T. 2012. Amerigo Vespucci Ship: Retrofitting the most beautiful ship in the world. In Rizzuto & Guedes Soares (eds), Sustainable Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea Resources; Proc. intern. symp. Genova, 12–16 September 2011 . London: Taylor & Francis Group. Piastra, F. 2013. Study of the motor-sailing propulsion by CFD and time domain simulation techniques. MSc Thesis, Polytechnic School of Genoa University, Genova. Piva, L. 2012. Amerigo Vespucci: propulsion and generation system retrofitting of the Italian training tall ship. In Mario Maestro, Ignazio Crivelli Visconti & Gianfranco Damilano (eds), Response of Ships and Shipping Research to the International Crisis; Proc. intern. symp. Napoli, 17–19 October 2012. Napoli: Organising Committee NAV 2012. 583 Developments in Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea Resources – Guedes Soares & López Peña (eds) © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00124-4 Developing an analytical model for a marine diesel engine test stand H.Ü. Başaran Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: This article aims to develop an analytical model for designing the foundation of engine test stands. The whole system was modelled by including the harmonic variation of the dynamic forces, the magnitudes of the forces, the constant and the moving parts of the engine and the dynamometer, foundation lower slab and upper slab, concrete properties of the foundation, the springs between the foundation slabs, location of the engine and dynamometer on the foundation, gravity centers etc.
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