Technology & Engineering
Fluid Mechanics Applications
Fluid mechanics applications involve the study and practical use of the behavior of fluids, such as liquids and gases. This field is essential in various engineering disciplines, including aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering. It encompasses the analysis of fluid flow, pressure, and forces, and is applied in designing aircraft, pipelines, pumps, and hydraulic systems, among other technologies.
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6 Key excerpts on "Fluid Mechanics Applications"
- Andrew L. Gerhart, John I. Hochstein, Philip M. Gerhart(Authors)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
However, the large 689 bar pressure in the hydraulic ram of an earth mover or the tiny 1.38 × 10 −7 bar pressure of a sound wave generated at ordinary talking levels are not easy to comprehend. Characteristic pressures of some other flows are shown in Fig. 1.1c. The list of Fluid Mechanics Applications goes on and on. But you get the point. Fluid mechanics is a very important, practical subject that encompasses a wide variety of situations. It is very likely that during your career as an engineer you will be involved in the analysis and design of systems that require a good understanding of fluid mechanics. Although it is not possible to adequately cover all of the important areas of fluid mechanics within one book, it is hoped that this introductory text will provide a sound foundation of the fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics. 10 4 10 6 10 8 Jupiter red spot diameter Ocean current diameter Diameter of hurricane Mt.
eBook - PDF- William Graebel(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Based on these fundamental theories, Orville and Wilbur Wright, Frederick Lanchester, Nicolai Joukowski (also spelled Zhukovskii), and Ludwig Prandtl made modern aviation and the space program possible. The use and behavior of fluid flow in transportation, prediction of circulation in the atmosphere and oceans, power transmission and generation, lubrication, transport of mass and heat, and so many other areas, makes fluid mechanics one of the cornerstones of our modern technological society. It would be difficult to imagine our life today without the myriad ways in which we have applied our knowledge of fluid flow. As fluid mechanics developed and our knowledge of the behavior of how fluids flow grew, the field became divided into specializations, and various technical areas were given special names. Hydraulics, for example, refers to the flow of liquids in channels, canals, and pipelines. Pneumatics deals with the flow of air, usually in small-diameter tubes. Gas dynamics deals with the high- speed flow of gas when compressibility effects are important. If the fluid density is low enough that means free paths between molecules are large, we speak of rarefied gas dynamics. For ionized gases, we talk of plasma flows, and when in the presence of magnetic fields, magnetohydrodynamics. Meteorologists deal with the flow of air in our atmosphere, while oceanographers are their underwater counterparts. Many other specialities exist, and new ones are still appearing. 2. Definition of a Fluid All matter exists in one of three phases: liquid, vapor (or gas), and solid. The word “fluid” is used as a general term for the first two of these phases, since the basic mechanical behavior of liquids and gases is very similar. Which phase the matter is in depends on the values of the various thermodynamic variables such as pressure and temperature. Two typical plots showing phase and phase changes when the matter is in static thermodynamic equilibrium are given in Figures 1.1 and 1.2.
- John I. Hochstein, Andrew L. Gerhart(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
However, the large 10,000 psi pressure in the hydraulic ram of an earth mover or the tiny 2 × 10 −6 psi pressure of a sound wave generated at ordinary talking levels are not easy to comprehend. Characteristic pressures of some other flows are shown in Fig. 1.1c. The list of Fluid Mechanics Applications goes on and on. But you get the point. Fluid mechanics is a very important, practical subject that encompasses a wide variety of situations. It is very likely that during your career as an engineer you will be involved in the analysis and design of systems that require a good understanding of fluid mechanics. Although it is not possible to adequately cover all of the important areas of fluid mechanics within one book, it is hoped that this introductory text will provide a sound foundation of the fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics. 10 4 10 6 10 8 Jupiter red spot diameter Ocean current diameter Diameter of hurricane Mt. St. Helens plume Average width of middle Mississippi River Boeing 787 NACA Ames wind tunnel Diameter of Space Shuttle main engine exhaust jet Outboard motor prop Water pipe diameter Raindrop Water jet cutter width Amoeba Thickness of lubricating oil layer in journal bearing Diameter of smallest blood vessel Artificial kidney filter pore size Nanoscale devices 10 2 10 0 10 -4 10 -2 10 -6 10 -8 , m 10 4 10 6 Meteor entering atmosphere Space Shuttle reentry Rocket nozzle exhaust Speed of sound in air Tornado Water from fire hose nozzle Flow past bike rider Mississippi River Syrup on pancake Microscopic swimming animal Glacier flow Continental drift 10 2 10 0 10 -4 10 -2 10 -6 10 -8 V, m/s 10 4 10 6 Fire hydrant Hydraulic ram Car engine combustion Scuba tank Water jet cutting Mariana Trench in Pacific Ocean Auto tire Pressure at 40-mile altitude Vacuum pump Sound pressure at normal talking 10 2 10 0 10 -4 10 -2 10 -6 p, lb/in.
eBook - PDFFluid and Particle Mechanics
Chemical Engineering Division
- S. J. Michell, M. Perry(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Pergamon(Publisher)
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES T T I2 word mechanics implies some connection with machinery. In the field of science, however, this word is more closely associated with the study of the behaviour of objects under the action of forces. In fluid and particle mechanics, the objects are small particles of gas, liquid or solid which form the bulk of matter under study. Fluid mechanics is concerned with the properties and behaviour of liquids and gases in motion and at rest. The science of fluid mechanics is accordingly subdivided into two main branches, namely fluid dynamics and fluid statics. The former deals with the relation between the behaviour of fluids in motion and the forces which produce that motion, while statics may be regarded as a special case of dynamics when the net effect of forces acting on the fluid body produces no motion relative to a boundary. A branch of dynamics which deals with motion from the geometrical point of view, but without reference to the forces causing the motion, is called kinematics. Hydraulics, hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, as well as particle mechanics, are specialised branches of fluid mechanics. 1.1. Historical Outline The Egyptians are known to have had some knowledge of hydro-dynamics as early as 3000 B.C. in connection with shipbuilding. Such knowledge as existed then was, however, gradually lost in the effort to construct ships of larger size. Centuries passed and, with the exception of the discoveries of Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) in fluid statics, there is no record of any progress in fluid mechanics until the time of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). One of the most distinguished masters of art of the i 2 FLUID AND PARTICLE MECHANICS Renaissance, Leonardo is also noted for his keen interest in the field of science and engineering. The full account of his pioneering work in this field will probably never be available, as—apart from his famous treatise on painting—no attempts were made early enough to publish his manu-scripts.
eBook - PDFFluid Power Circuits and Controls
Fundamentals and Applications
- John S. Cundiff(Author)
- 2001(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
15 2 Fluid Power Basics 2.1 Introduction Fluid power systems are designed using all the principles learned in fluid mechanics. It is appropriate to briefly review these principles before proceed-ing with our study of the applications. It is required that a student who reads this treatment of fluid power have had an undergraduate course in fluid mechanics. One of the underlying pos-tulates of fluid mechanics is that, for a particular position within a fluid at rest, the pressure is the same in all directions. This follows directly from Pas-cal’s Law. A second postulate states that fluids can support shear forces only when in motion. These two postulates define the characteristics of the fluid media used to transmit power and control motion. Traditional concepts such as static pressure, viscosity, momentum, continuity, Bernoulli’s equation, and head loss are used to analyze the problems encountered in fluid power sys-tems. The reader should continuously keep in mind that the fundamental concepts are being applied. New methodology is used, but no new concepts are introduced. Dimensions and units provide the engineer with a convenient method to track the progress of, and report the results of, analyses. Today, there is a tran-sition occurring in the U.S. from English to metric systems of units. While the scientific community universally embraces the metric system, trade contin-ues to occur in the English system of units in some places. Engineering stu-dents must be competent working in both U.S. Customary units and the metric SI (from the Le Système International d’Unités ), which is also known as the International System . Perhaps the main difficulty encountered by young engineers is handling mass versus force. For example, in the U.S. Customary system, it is custom-ary to weigh objects and report the magnitude of force generated by the object in the Earth’s gravitational field. On the other hand, the SI system of measurements relies on determination of mass directly.
eBook - PDFMicrofluidics and Nanofluidics
Theory and Selected Applications
- Clement Kleinstreuer(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
The material (used with permission from Taylor & Francis Publishers) is now geared towards engineering students who already have had introductory courses in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer, or a couple of comprehensive courses in transport phenomena. 1.1 Introduction and Overview Traditionally, “fluidics” referred to a technology where fluids were used as key components of control and sensing systems. Nowadays the research and application areas of “fluidics” have been greatly expanded. Specifically, fluidics deals with transport phenomena, i.e., mass, momentum and heat transfer, in devices ranging in size from the 3 4 Chapter 1 Theory macroscale down to the nanoscale. As it will become evident, this modern description implies two things: (i) Conventional fluid dynamics (i.e., macrofluidics) forms a necessary knowl- edge base when solving most microfluidics and some nanofluidics problems. (ii) Length scaling from the macroworld (in meters and millimeters) down to the micrometer or nanometer range (i.e., while ) requires new considerations concerning possible changes in fluid properties, validity of the continuum hypothesis, modified boundary conditions, and the importance of new (surface) forces or phenomena. So, to freshen up on macrofluidics, this chapter reviews undergraduate-level essentials in fluid mechanics and heat transfer and provides an introduction to porous media and mixture flows. Implications of geometric scaling, known as the “size reduction effect,” are briefly discussed next. The most important scaling impact becomes apparent when considering the area-to-volume ratio of a simple fluid conduit or an entire device: (1.1) Evidently, in the micro/nanosize limit the ratio becomes very large, i.e., , where such as the hydraulic diameter, channel height, or width. This implies that in micro/nanofluidics the system’s surface-area-related quantities, e.g., pressure and shear forces, become dominant.
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