Technology & Engineering
Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Engineering fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids behave and interact with their surroundings in engineering applications. It involves the principles of fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and the application of these principles to solve engineering problems related to fluid flow, pressure, and forces. This field is essential for designing and analyzing systems involving liquids and gases, such as pipelines, pumps, and hydraulic systems.
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3 Key excerpts on "Engineering Fluid Mechanics"
- Robert W. Fox, Alan T. McDonald, John W. Mitchell(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
The subject has applica- tions to a wide range of traditional subjects such as the design of dam systems, water delivery systems, pumps and compressors, and the aerodynamics of automobiles and airplanes. Fluid mechanics has facili- tated the development of new technology in the environmental and energy area such as large-scale wind turbines and oil spill cleanups. Medical advances in the understanding and treatment of flow problems in the circulatory and respiratory system have been aided by fluid mechanics applications. The modeling of atmospheric circulation and ocean currents that aids understanding of climate change is based on fluid mechanics principles. Possibly the greatest advance in fluid mechanics in recent years is the ability to model extremely complex flows using software. The technique known as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has at its heart the basic relations of fluid mechanics. These are just a small sampling of the newer areas of fluid mechanics, but they illustrate how the discipline is still highly relevant, and increasingly diverse, even though it may be thousands of years old. Definition of a Fluid We are certain that you have a common-sense idea of what a fluid is, as opposed to a solid. Fluids tend to flow when we interact with them whereas solids tend to deform or bend. Engineers need a more formal and precise definition of a fluid: A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear (tangential) stress no matter how small the shear stress may be. Because the fluid motion con- tinues under the application of a shear stress, we can also define a fluid as any substance that cannot sustain a shear stress when at rest. Hence liquids and gases (or vapors) are the forms, or phases, that fluids can take. We wish to dis- tinguish these phases from the solid phase of matter. We can see the difference between solid and fluid behavior in Fig.
eBook - PDF- William Graebel(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Based on these fundamental theories, Orville and Wilbur Wright, Frederick Lanchester, Nicolai Joukowski (also spelled Zhukovskii), and Ludwig Prandtl made modern aviation and the space program possible. The use and behavior of fluid flow in transportation, prediction of circulation in the atmosphere and oceans, power transmission and generation, lubrication, transport of mass and heat, and so many other areas, makes fluid mechanics one of the cornerstones of our modern technological society. It would be difficult to imagine our life today without the myriad ways in which we have applied our knowledge of fluid flow. As fluid mechanics developed and our knowledge of the behavior of how fluids flow grew, the field became divided into specializations, and various technical areas were given special names. Hydraulics, for example, refers to the flow of liquids in channels, canals, and pipelines. Pneumatics deals with the flow of air, usually in small-diameter tubes. Gas dynamics deals with the high- speed flow of gas when compressibility effects are important. If the fluid density is low enough that means free paths between molecules are large, we speak of rarefied gas dynamics. For ionized gases, we talk of plasma flows, and when in the presence of magnetic fields, magnetohydrodynamics. Meteorologists deal with the flow of air in our atmosphere, while oceanographers are their underwater counterparts. Many other specialities exist, and new ones are still appearing. 2. Definition of a Fluid All matter exists in one of three phases: liquid, vapor (or gas), and solid. The word “fluid” is used as a general term for the first two of these phases, since the basic mechanical behavior of liquids and gases is very similar. Which phase the matter is in depends on the values of the various thermodynamic variables such as pressure and temperature. Two typical plots showing phase and phase changes when the matter is in static thermodynamic equilibrium are given in Figures 1.1 and 1.2.
eBook - PDFFundamentals of Heat Engines
Reciprocating and Gas Turbine Internal Combustion Engines
- Jamil Ghojel(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Wiley-ASME Press Series(Publisher)
Subscripts i and f denote initial and final , respectively. 1.2 Fluid Mechanics Fluid mechanics deals with the behaviour of a fluid – liquid, gas, or vapour – in quiescent state and in a state of motion. Fluids are substances that cannot preserve a shape of their own. In heat engine processes, the fluids used are predominantly in gas form and include air at various degrees of compression and products of combustion at elevated pressures and temperatures. Understanding the principles of fluid mechanics will help students to better handle the processes in the reciprocating and gas turbine engines. 12 1 Review of Basic Principles 1.2.1 Fluid Properties 1.2.1.1 Mass and Weight Mass is a measure of inertia and quantity of the body of matter (fluid), m ( kg ). Weight is the force with which a body of the fluid is attracted towards the earth by gravity: w = mg N Density is the amount of mass per unit volume: 𝜌 = m V kg ∕ m 3 Specific weight is the weight of a unit volume of a substance: 𝛾 = w V = 𝜌 g N ∕ m 3 Specific gravity is sg = 𝛾 f 𝛾 w @ 4 ∘ C = 𝜌 f 𝜌 w @ 4 ∘ C where subscripts f and w are for fluid and water, respectively. 𝛾 w @ 4 ∘ C = 9.81 kN ∕ m 3 𝜌 w @ 4 ∘ C = 1000 kg ∕ m 3 1.2.1.2 Pressure Pressure is the force exerted by a fluid on a unit area of its surroundings: p = F A N ∕ m 2 or Pa Pressure acts perpendicular to the walls of the container surrounding the fluid. A column of fluid of height h m having a cross sectional area of A m 2 and density 𝜌 kg / m 3 will exert a pressure of p = hA 𝜌 g A = h 𝜌 g = 𝛾 h kPa 1.2.1.3 Compressibility Compressibility is the change in volume of a substance when subjected to a change in pressure exerted on it. The usual parameter used to measure compressibility of liquids is the bulk modulus of elasticity E : E = −Δ p (Δ V )∕ V N ∕ m 2 The compressibility of a gas at constant temperature is defined as 𝜅 = − 1 v ( 𝜕𝜈 𝜕 p ) T For a perfect gas: 𝜅 = 1 p m 2 ∕ N
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