Technology & Engineering
Fluid Fundamentals
Fluid fundamentals refer to the basic principles and properties of fluids, including liquids and gases. This encompasses concepts such as fluid mechanics, fluid dynamics, and the behavior of fluids under different conditions. Understanding fluid fundamentals is crucial in various engineering applications, such as designing hydraulic systems, analyzing fluid flow in pipes, and developing aerodynamic structures.
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8 Key excerpts on "Fluid Fundamentals"
- B. S. Mazumder, T. I. Eldho(Authors)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
2 Fundamental Fluid Properties and DefinitionsDOI: 10.1201/9781003000020-22.1 Introduction
Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluid flows. The study of fluid flow has been described with the support of fundamental laws of mechanics (Schlichting, 1968) . It has a wide range of applications in almost all branches of engineering fields including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, agriculture engineering, ocean engineering, and others. Apart from the engineering profession, the principles of fluid mechanics are also used in all branches of sciences such as geophysics, astrophysics, physical chemistry, biomechanics, biomedical, meteorology, atmospherics, etc. It is one of the fastest rising basic sciences whose principles show applications in all aspects of daily life. For example, in civil engineering, the principles of fluid mechanics are used to design drainage systems, water networks, water-resisting structures such as dams and reservoirs, construction and foundation of bridge piers, river bank protection, river management, protection of coastal and harbor areas, etc. Moreover, designs of various types of ships, recreation boats, and barges or vessels for transportation in rivers and oceans associated with the field of naval architecture are based on the principles of fluid mechanics.The study of fluid behavior can be divided into three categories: statics, kinematics, and dynamics. In the static case, the fluid elements are acted upon by the forces at rest. The static pressure forces on an immersed body in fluid are determined from the static analysis. In the case of kinematics of fluids, it deals with the geometry of fluid motion: study of translation, rotation, and deformation of fluid particles. This is useful for describing the motion of a particle and visualizing the flow patterns. In the dynamic case, the analysis involves considering the forces acting on the fluid particles in motion with respect to one another that cause acceleration of fluid. To determine the fluid flow pattern and its surroundings in motion, the dynamic analysis of a fluid in motion is required. In this chapter, the description of fundamental fluid properties and a fundamental definition of various terms used in fluid dynamics and fluvial hydraulics are briefly discussed.
eBook - PDF- Ronald K. McLaughlin, R. Craig McLean, W. John Bonthron(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
The Fundamentals of Fluid Flow 1.1 INTRODUCTION A highly significant aspect of the work undertaken by the heating services engineer is concerned with the design of the fluid distri-bution systems for both heating and water supply purposes. It is undoubtedly the case that in many straightforward situations workable flow systems may be devised with little awareness on the part of the 'designer' of the fundamental engineering princi-ples involved. However, the problems which can be treated suc-cessfully at such a level are limited and if the engineer is to be equipped to tackle competently the whole range of situations likely to be encountered in practice (and indeed be involved in the initiation of design improvements and new design techniques), then a firm understanding of fluid flow and the nature of its associated mechanisms is required. The aim of this chapter is to go part way towards meeting this requirement. It is by no means intended as an all-embracing intro-duction to fluid mechanics but seeks rather to provide a suitable treatment of the fundamentals which are relevant to the design problems considered in the later chapters. Thus, although some of the material covered in the earlier part of the chapter has applica-tions in many areas of fluid mechanics, the subject matter of the chapter as a whole is concentrated principally on the study of incompressible fluid flow in pipes. 1.2 F L U I D P R O P E R T I E S 1.2.1 Introduction Whilst the ideal fluid, which constitutes the simplest model for flow analysis, is considered to be incompressible and to offer no resistance to deformation, all real fluids display to varying degrees both compressibility and viscous effects. In addition, vaporisa-tion effects are displayed in liquids which have a free surface. These three important characteristics will now be reviewed briefly. 1.2.2 Compressibility All fluids may be compressed by the application of pressure forces.
- Jan F. Kreider(Author)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
The science of fluid mechanics , one of the most basic engineering sciences, provides governing laws for fluid motion and conditions influencing that motion. The governing laws of fluid mechanics have been developed through a knowledge of fluid properties, thermodynamic laws, basic laws of mechanics, and experimentation. In this chapter, we will focus on the basic principles of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics that an engineer needs to know to analyze or design an HVAC system. Because of space limitations, our discussion of important physical concepts will not involve detailed mathematical deri-vations and proofs of concepts. However, we will provide appropriate references for those readers inter-ested in obtaining more detail about the subjects covered in this chapter. Most of the material presented here is accompanied by examples that we hope will lead to better understanding of the concepts. 2.1.1 Thermodynamics During a typical day, everyone deals with various engineering systems such as automobiles, refrigerators, microwaves, and dishwashers. Each engineering system consists of several components, and a system’s optimal performance depends on each individual component’s performance and interaction with other components. In most cases, the interaction between various components of a system occurs in the form of energy transfer or mass transfer. Thermodynamics is an engineering science that provides governing Vahab Hassani National Renewable Energy Laboratory Steve Hauser Pacific Northwest National Laboratory T. Agami Reddy Drexel University 2 -2 Handbook of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning laws that describe energy transfer from one form to another in an engineering system. In this chapter, the basic laws of thermodynamics and their application for energy conversion systems are covered in the following four sections.
eBook - PDF- John Ward-Smith(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Although it is often necessary to postulate a small element or particle of fluid, this is supposed large enough to contain very many molecules. The properties of a fluid, although molecular in origin, may be adequately accounted for in their overall effect by ascribing to the continuum such attributes as temperature, pressure, viscosity and so on. Quantities such as velocity, acceleration and the properties of the fluid are assumed to vary continuously (or remain constant) from one point to another in the fluid. The new field of nanotechnology is concerned with the design and fabri-cation of products at the molecular level, but this topic is outside the scope of this text. 1.1.3 Mechanics of fluids The mechanics of fluids is the field of study in which the fundamental prin-ciples of general mechanics are applied to liquids and gases. These principles are those of the conservation of matter, the conservation of energy and Newton’s laws of motion. In extending the study to compressible fluids, we also need to consider the laws of thermodynamics. By the use of these principles, we are able not only to explain observed phenomena, but also to predict the behaviour of fluids under specified conditions. The study of the mechanics of fluids can be further sub-divided. For fluids at rest the study is known as fluid statics , whereas if the fluid is in motion, the study is called fluid dynamics . 1.2 NOTATION, DIMENSIONS, UNITS AND RELATED MATTERS Calculations are an important part of engineering fluid mechanics. Fluid and flow properties need to be quantified. The overall designs of aircraft and dams, just to take two examples, depend on many calculations, and if errors are made at any stage then human lives are put at risk. It is vital, Notation, dimensions, units and related matters 5 therefore, to have in place systems of measurement and calculation that are consistent and straightforward to use, minimize the risk of introducing errors and allow checks to be made.
eBook - PDF- Yulii D. Shikhmurzaev(Author)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- Chapman and Hall/CRC(Publisher)
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of fluid mechanics In this chapter, we give an overview of the main concepts of fluid mechanics in their methodological context. Our emphasis is on the assumptions made in the classical fluid-mechanical model with the main attention focussed on those associated with the boundary conditions. A detailed exposition of particular problems analysed in classical fluid mechanics can be found in a succession of textbooks (Lamb 1932, Kochin, Kibel & Roze 1964, Sedov 1965a, 1997, Batchelor 1967, Landau & Lifshitz 1987, Panton 2005) and is beyond our goal. 2.1 Main concepts 2.1.1 Physical properties of liquids and gases The defining property of ‘fluids’, which embrace both liquids and gases, is that, unlike solids, they can ‘flow’ easily changing their shape. This pictorial definition goes back to the times of the ancients, who derived it from their ob-servation of properties of water and air, and it implies that ‘fluidity’ manifests itself on the time and length scale of the observation. The latter is important for our perception and description of the process. Indeed, on a geological time and length scale the mountains are quite ‘fluid’, 1 whilst a microscopic droplet of water on a microscopic time scale can behave like a solid particle. Another property of common fluids, which is perhaps less palpable but more useful for their quantitative description, is that, unlike solids, their resistance to external forces is proportional primarily to the rate of deformation rather than to its degree. The key word here is ‘primarily’ since in reality there is almost a continuous spectrum of materials which exhibit fluid-like and solid-like features in different proportion. For example, polymer solutions acquire more features of a solid as the concentration of polymer increases, and the rheological properties of some paints strongly depend on their temperature and the degree of deformation to which they are subjected.
eBook - PDFThe John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook
Volume 1 - Fundamentals
- Charles E. Baukal Jr.(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
306 229 Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics Fluid dynamics plays an important role in the design and operation of combustion equipment. For example, industrial burners and flares require analysis and control of the flow of air, steam, fuel, and hot combustion prod-ucts through complex networks of pipes, ducts, valves, dampers, regulators, pumps, etc. Engineers rely exten-sively on empirical fluid dynamic models, computa-tional fluid dynamic models, cold flow physical models, and experience gained from day-to-day observation of flow dynamics to help facilitate and guide in the design of combustion equipment. Fluid dynamics also plays a key role in the operation of flare and burner equipment. In general, the more familiar the operators are with the flow dynamics associated with their combustion equip-ment, the better they are equipped to operate and trou-bleshoot their system in a safe and efficient manner. The purpose of this chapter is to (1) provide the reader with some of the practical fluid dynamic concepts and terminology commonly used in the burner and flare industry, (2) demonstrate several ways combustion engineers apply fluid dynamics to assist in the design of combustion equipment, and (3) describe some of the instrumentation often used in the combustion industry. 9.2 Properties of Fluids The properties of a fluid (gas or liquid) describe its physical characteristics. This section presents a brief description of these properties and discusses how the properties of a mixture are calculated. For a list of additional gas properties, the reader is referred to the following sources: Geerssen, 10 Turns, 11 and Bartok and Sarofim. 12 9.2.1 Density of Gases Atmospheric air is a mixture of many gases plus water vapor and other pollutants. Aside from pollutants, which may vary considerably from place to place, the composition of dry air is relatively constant; the compo-sition varies slightly with time, location, and altitude.
eBook - PDFComputational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings
Fundamentals and Applications
- Parham A. Mirzaei(Author)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Wiley-Blackwell(Publisher)
2 An Overview on Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics in Buildings 2 An Overview of Fluid 2.1 Definition of Fluid From a molecular perspective, materials with a dense molecular structure and large inter- molecular cohesive forces are known to exist in the solid state while in conditions when the distance between structures of the molecule is higher and therefore the intermolecular forces are relatively weaker, the material is known to be in the liquid state (see Figure 2.1). The weaker internal forces grant liquid molecules more freedom to take the shape of their containers, although to a certain extent, and to not be easily compressed. Once the distance is further increased, mainly due to the external conditions, and molecules found more freedom to move under negligible intermolecular forces, then the material is in its gaseous state. Consequently, gases can be deformed and take the shape of their containers similar to liquids. In general, both liquids and gases are known as fluids and their behaviour and characteristics will be further investigated in this chapter. 2.1.1 System of Units In the SI system, the primary quantities and their units are defined as length (L), mass (M), time (T), and temperature (Θ). These primary units can be used to define secondary quantities. Table 2.1 shows a range of common secondary quantities widely used in engineering problems. Example 2.1 Find the dimension of the secondary quantity of ‘pressure’. Solution Pressure is defined as the perpendicular force over the unit of area: p = Force Area = F A = ma A ⟹p = MLT - 2 L 2 = ML - 1 T - 2 25 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Energy Modelling in Buildings: Fundamentals and Applications, First Edition. Parham A. Mirzaei. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2.2 Properties of Fluid 2.2.1 Density Mass per unit of volume is called density and is shown with the Greek symbol of ρ ‘rho’.
eBook - PDFFundamentals of Heat Engines
Reciprocating and Gas Turbine Internal Combustion Engines
- Jamil Ghojel(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Wiley-ASME Press Series(Publisher)
Subscripts i and f denote initial and final , respectively. 1.2 Fluid Mechanics Fluid mechanics deals with the behaviour of a fluid – liquid, gas, or vapour – in quiescent state and in a state of motion. Fluids are substances that cannot preserve a shape of their own. In heat engine processes, the fluids used are predominantly in gas form and include air at various degrees of compression and products of combustion at elevated pressures and temperatures. Understanding the principles of fluid mechanics will help students to better handle the processes in the reciprocating and gas turbine engines. 12 1 Review of Basic Principles 1.2.1 Fluid Properties 1.2.1.1 Mass and Weight Mass is a measure of inertia and quantity of the body of matter (fluid), m ( kg ). Weight is the force with which a body of the fluid is attracted towards the earth by gravity: w = mg N Density is the amount of mass per unit volume: 𝜌 = m V kg ∕ m 3 Specific weight is the weight of a unit volume of a substance: 𝛾 = w V = 𝜌 g N ∕ m 3 Specific gravity is sg = 𝛾 f 𝛾 w @ 4 ∘ C = 𝜌 f 𝜌 w @ 4 ∘ C where subscripts f and w are for fluid and water, respectively. 𝛾 w @ 4 ∘ C = 9.81 kN ∕ m 3 𝜌 w @ 4 ∘ C = 1000 kg ∕ m 3 1.2.1.2 Pressure Pressure is the force exerted by a fluid on a unit area of its surroundings: p = F A N ∕ m 2 or Pa Pressure acts perpendicular to the walls of the container surrounding the fluid. A column of fluid of height h m having a cross sectional area of A m 2 and density 𝜌 kg / m 3 will exert a pressure of p = hA 𝜌 g A = h 𝜌 g = 𝛾 h kPa 1.2.1.3 Compressibility Compressibility is the change in volume of a substance when subjected to a change in pressure exerted on it. The usual parameter used to measure compressibility of liquids is the bulk modulus of elasticity E : E = −Δ p (Δ V )∕ V N ∕ m 2 The compressibility of a gas at constant temperature is defined as 𝜅 = − 1 v ( 𝜕𝜈 𝜕 p ) T For a perfect gas: 𝜅 = 1 p m 2 ∕ N
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