Technology & Engineering
Turbine
A turbine is a device that converts the energy from a moving fluid (such as water, steam, or air) into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is typically used to generate electricity or perform other types of work. Turbines are commonly used in power plants, aircraft engines, and other industrial applications due to their efficiency in converting energy from one form to another.
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3 Key excerpts on "Turbine"
- Alexander V. Dimitrov(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
2Conversion of Thermal Energy into Mechanical Work (Thermal Engines)Energy-related (power) technologies may be treated as a combination of engineering-technical methods of energy and work conversion employed to facilitate human life. They are divided into two main groups. The first group comprises technologies of heat conversion into another type of energy (mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, etc.) while the second one comprises technologies of heat transfer, accumulation, and regeneration. Each thermal technology discussed herein will be illustrated by specific physical schemes and devices. We shall consider them in the following order:•Technologies of mechanical work performance (so called thermomechanical technologies) •Technologies of generation of electrical energy (thermoelectric technologies) •Technologies of heat transformation (regeneration and recuperation) •Technologies of heat transfer and collection (transfer and accumulation) •Technologies creating comfortable environment (air conditioning and ventilation)Thus, we will treat a certain technology as an object of study of respective scientific-applied research fields, on one hand, and we will follow the teaching programs on “Power engineering,” “Transport management” and “General mechanical engineering,” on the other hand.2.1 Evolution of Engine TechnologiesAs is known from physics, energy conversion follows a natural course, that is, energy of motion of macro- and microbodies (popular as mechanical energy) is converted into heat by mechanisms that are studied by tribology (including dry, semi-dry, viscous, or turbulent friction). No opposite transformation is observed in nature. Heat conversion into energy needed for the operation of machines and mechanisms was an impossible task for primitive people as well as for those living in slave-holding* and feudal†
eBook - PDF- Donald F. Elger, Barbara A. LeBret, Clayton T. Crowe, John A. Robertson(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Gas Turbines The conventional gas Turbine consists of a compressor that pressurizes the air entering the Turbine and delivers it to a combustion chamber. The high-temperature, high-pressure gases resulting from combustion in the combustion chamber expand through a Turbine, which both drives the compressor and delivers power. The theoretical efficiency (power delivered/rate of energy input) of a gas Turbine depends on the pressure ratio between the combustion chamber and the intake; the higher the pressure ratio, the higher the efficiency. The reader is directed to Cohen et al. (8) for more detail. Wind Turbines Wind energy is discussed frequently as an alternative energy source. The application of wind Turbines* as potential sources for power becomes more attractive as utility power rates increase EXAMPLE 14.11 Analyzing a Francis Turbine Problem Statement A Francis Turbine is to be operated at a speed of 600 rpm and with a discharge of 4.0 m 3 /s. If r 1 = 0.60 m, β 1 = 110°, and the blade height B is 10 cm, what should be the guide vane angle α 1 for a nonseparating flow condition at the runner entrance? Define the Situation A Francis Turbine is operating with an angular speed of 600 rpm and a discharge of 4.0 m 3 /s. State the Goal Find the inlet guide vane angle, α 1 . Generate Ideas and Make a Plan Use Eq. (14.32) for inlet guide angle. Take Action (Execute the Plan) Radial velocity at inlet: α 1 = arccot ( r 1 ω V r 1 + cot β 1 ) r 1 ω = 0.6 × 600 rpm × 2π rad/ rev × 1/ 60 min/ s = 37.7 m/ s Inlet guide vane angle: V r 1 = Q 2πr 1 B = 4.00 m 3 / s 2π × 0.6 m × 0.10 m = 10.61 m/ s cot β 1 = cot (110°) = −0.364 α 1 = arccot ( 37.7 10.61 − 0.364 ) = 17.4° *The phrase “wind Turbine” is used to convey the idea of conversion of wind to electrical energy. A windmill converts wind energy to mechanical energy. 476 CHAPTER 14 • TURBOMACHINERY and the concern over greenhouse gases grows.
eBook - PDFHandbook of Electrical Engineering
For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry
- Alan L. Sheldrake(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
2.1.5 Fuel for Gas Turbines The fuels usually consumed in gas Turbines are either in liquid or dry gas forms and, in most cases, are hydrocarbons. In special cases non-hydrocarbon fuels may be used, but the machines may then need to be specially modified to handle the combustion temperatures and the chemical composition of the fuel and its combustion products. Gas Turbine internal components such as blades, vanes, combustors, seals and fuel gas valves are sensitive to corrosive components present in the fuel or its combustion products such as carbon dioxide, sulphur, sodium or alkali contaminants, see also sub-section 2.2.5. The fuel can generally be divided into several classifications:- • Low heating value gas. • Natural gas. • High heating value gas. • Distillate oils. • Crude oil. • Residual oil. 2.2 ENERGY OBTAINED FROM A GAS Turbine A gas Turbine functions as a heat engine using the thermodynamic Joule cycle, as explained in many textbooks, see for example References 1 to 5. Most gas Turbines used in the oil industry use the 24 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Figure 2.5 Gas Turbine thermodynamic cycle. Simple-cycle gas Turbine. ‘simple-cycle’ version of the Joule cycle. The main components of the gas Turbine are shown in Figure 2.5. The thermodynamic relationships used to describe the operation of the gas Turbine are the pressure (P ) versus volume (V ) characteristic in Figure 2.6 and the temperature (T ) versus entropy (S ) characteristic in Figure 2.7. These figures also show the effect of practical inefficiencies that occur both in the air compressor and the Turbine. Air is drawn into the compressor at atmospheric pressure P 1 (in practice slightly lower due to the inlet silencer, filter and ducting) and atmospheric temperature T 1 , and compressed adiabatically to a higher pressure P 2 to reduce its volume to V 2 and raise its temperature to T 2 . The adiabatic compression is given by the following equations; see standard textbooks e.g.
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