Technology & Engineering
Turbomachinery
Turbomachinery refers to machines that transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid, such as turbines, compressors, and pumps. These devices are commonly used in various industries, including aerospace, power generation, and oil and gas. Turbomachinery plays a crucial role in converting energy from one form to another, making it an essential component of many engineering systems.
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9 Key excerpts on "Turbomachinery"
- Philip M. Gerhart, Andrew L. Gerhart, John I. Hochstein(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ■ explain how a turbomachine works. ■ describe the basic differences between a turbine and a pump. ■ discuss the importance of minimizing loss in a turbomachine. ■ select an appropriate turbomachine for a particular application. ■ determine the operating point for a turbomachine installed in a system. ■ sketch typical turbomachine blades and velocity diagrams. ■ apply similarity laws to predict the effects of size and/or speed on a family of turbomachines. ■ perform engineering work or undertake advanced study involving the fluid mechanics of Turbomachinery (e.g., design, development, research). Learning Objectives Turbomachines Turbomachines are dynamic fluid machines that add (for pumps) or extract (for turbines) flow energy 680 Chapter 12 ■ ■ Turbomachines Turbomachines serve in an enormous array of applications in our daily lives and thus play an important role in modern society. These machines can have a high-power density (power per unit volume), relatively few moving parts, and reasonable efficiency. The following sections provide an introduction to the fluid mechanics of these important machines. References 1–6 are a few examples of the many books that offer much more information about turbomachines. 12.1 Introduction Turbomachines are mechanical devices consisting of several blades attached to a rotor that either extract energy from a fluid (turbine) or add energy to a fluid (pump) as a result of dynamic interac-tions between the device and the fluid. Although the actual design and construction of these devices often require considerable insight and effort, their basic operating principles are quite simple. The fluid involved can be either a gas (as with a window fan or a gas turbine engine), a vapor (steam turbine), or a liquid (as with the water pump on a car or a turbine at a hydroelectric power plant).
- Andrew L. Gerhart, John I. Hochstein, Philip M. Gerhart(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
In this case we have a turbine. On the other hand, we can exert a shaft torque, typically with a motor, and by using blades on a rotor, force the fluid to move. In this case we have a pump. Figure 12.1 shows the turbine and compressor (pump) rotors of an automobile turbocharger. Examples of turbomachine-type pumps include simple win- dow fans, propellers on ships or airplanes, squirrel-cage fans on home furnaces, axial-flow water pumps used in deep wells, and compressors in automobile turbochargers. Examples of turbines include the turbine portion of gas turbine engines on aircraft, steam turbines used to drive generators at electrical generation stations, and the small, high-speed air turbines that power dentist drills. Turbomachines serve in an enormous array of applications in our daily lives and thus play an important role in modern society. These machines can have a high-power den- sity (power per unit volume), relatively few moving parts, and reasonable efficiency. Turbomachines are dyna- mic fluid machines that add (for pumps) or extract (for turbines) flow energy. Turbomachines CHAPTER 12 546 CHAPTER 12 Turbomachines The following sections provide an introduction to the fluid mechanics of these important machines. References 1–6 are a few examples of the many books that offer much more infor- mation about turbomachines. 12.1 Introduction Turbomachines are mechanical devices consisting of several blades attached to a rotor that either extract energy from a fluid (turbine) or add energy to a fluid (pump) as a result of dynamic interactions between the device and the fluid. Although the actual design and construction of these devices often require considerable insight and effort, their basic operating principles are not very complicated. The working fluid can be either a gas (as with a window fan or a gas turbine engine), a vapor (steam turbine), or a liquid (as with the water pump on a car or a turbine at a hydroelectric power plant).
- John I. Hochstein, Andrew L. Gerhart(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
In this case we have a turbine. On the other hand, we can exert a shaft torque, typically with a motor, and by using blades on a rotor, force the fluid to move. In this case we have a pump. Figure 11.1 shows the turbine and compressor (pump) rotors of an automobile turbocharger. Examples of turbomachine-type pumps include simple win- dow fans, propellers on ships or airplanes, squirrel-cage fans on home furnaces, axial-flow water pumps used in deep wells, and compressors in automobile turbochargers. Examples of turbines include the turbine portion of gas turbine engines on aircraft, steam turbines used to drive generators at electrical generation stations, and the small, high-speed air turbines that power dentist drills. Turbomachines serve in an enormous array of applications in our daily lives and thus play an important role in modern society. These machines can have a high-power density (power per unit volume), relatively few moving parts, and reasonable efficiency. The following Turbomachines are dyna- mic fluid machines that add (for pumps) or extract (for turbines) flow energy. Turbomachines CHAPTER 11 400 CHAPTER 11 Turbomachines sections provide an introduction to the fluid mechanics of these important machines. References 1–6 are a few examples of the many books that offer much more information about turbomachines. 11.1 Introduction Turbomachines are mechanical devices consisting of several blades attached to a rotor that either extract energy from a fluid (turbine) or add energy to a fluid (pump) as a result of dynamic interactions between the device and the fluid. Although the actual design and construction of these devices often require considerable insight and effort, their basic operating principles are not very complicated. The working fluid can be either a gas (as with a window fan or a gas turbine engine), a vapor (steam turbine), or a liquid (as with the water pump on a car or a turbine at a hydroelectric power plant).
- Andrew L. Gerhart, John I. Hochstein, Philip M. Gerhart(Authors)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
In this case we have a turbine. On the other hand, we can exert a shaft torque, typically with a motor, and by using blades on a rotor, force the fluid to move. In this case we have a pump. Figure 12.1 shows the turbine and compressor (pump) rotors of an automobile turbocharger. Examples of turbomachine-type pumps include simple win- dow fans, propellers on ships or airplanes, squirrel-cage fans on home furnaces, axial-flow water pumps used in deep wells, and compressors in automobile turbochargers. Examples of turbines include the turbine portion of gas turbine engines on aircraft, steam turbines used to drive generators at electrical generation stations, and the small, high-speed air turbines that power dentist drills. Turbomachines serve in an enormous array of applications in our daily lives and thus play an important role in modern society. These machines can have a high-power density (power per unit volume), relatively few moving parts, and reasonable efficiency. Turbomachines are dynamic fluid machines that add (for pumps) or extract (for tur- bines) flow energy. Turbomachines CHAPTER 12 657 657 The following sections provide an introduction to the fluid mechanics of these important machines. References 1–6 are a few examples of the many books that offer much more infor- mation about turbomachines. 12.1 INTRODUCTION Turbomachines are mechanical devices consisting of several blades attached to a rotor that either extract energy from a fluid (turbine) or add energy to a fluid (pump) as a result of dynamic interactions between the device and the fluid. Although the actual design and construction of these devices often require considerable insight and effort, their basic operating principles are not very complicated. The working fluid can be either a gas (as with a window fan or a gas turbine engine), a vapor (steam turbine), or a liquid (as with the water pump on a car or a turbine at a hydroelectric power plant).
eBook - PDFMechanical Energy Conversion
Exercises for Scaling Renewable Energy Systems
- Mathieu Mory(Author)
- 2024(Publication Date)
- Wiley-ISTE(Publisher)
2 Hydraulic Turbomachines 2.1. General information on Turbomachinery 2.1.1. Turbopumps and turbines The main element of a roto-dynamic machine is its rotor, a symmetrical circular part rotating around an axis. The machine is called a turbine when it converts the mechanical energy of a fluid flow into electricity. In this case, the fluid head: = + + ଶ 2 is weaker at the output of the machine than it is at the input, since the fluid gives up its energy to the machine. When the diameters of the pipes at the inlet and at the outlet of the machine are equal, the velocity is identical at the inlet and at the outlet. As the altitude between the inlet and the outlet varies little, the drop in the head results in a head loss between the inlet and the outlet. The machine is a pump when it supplies mechanical energy to the fluid. In this case, the fluid head at the outlet is greater than the fluid head at the inlet, which results in a pressure increase. A roto-dynamic machine actually couples two machines, a hydraulic machine and an electric machine. In a pump, the electric rotor (motor) drives the hydraulic rotor which pushes the fluid. In a turbine, the fluid flow sets in rotation the hydraulic rotor which drives the rotor of an alternator to produce electricity. A roto-dynamic machine therefore couples two rotors, a hydraulic rotor and an electric rotor, linked by a rigid axis. When the shaft rotates at constant angular speed , the 26 Mechanical Energy Conversion component ௭ of the torque applied by the electric machine to the shaft is equal and opposite to the torque applied by the fluid to the hydraulic wheel, by the mechanical principle of action/reaction. Figure 2.1. Diagram of a Francis turbine 1 . For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/mory/mechanical.zip The diagram of a Francis turbine (Figure 2.1) shows the coupling of the electric and hydraulic rotors through the shaft.
No longer available |Learn more- D. Kumar, Sarhan M. Susa(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Mercury Learning and Information(Publisher)
6HYDRAULIC MACHINESPower engineers are primarily concerned with the design, fabrication, installation, operation, and maintenance of fluid machines that function to affect an exchange of energy between a fluid medium and a mechanical system. In the fluid-mechanical system either the machine does work on the fluid or conversely, the fluid imparts work to the machine. The wide variety of fluid machines that have been built up to affect a transfer of energy to or from a fluid medium can be broadly classified into two main types; the dynamic or kinetic type; and the displacement or static type.1. Dynamic or kinetic machine in which mechanical work is done on or by the fluid entirely as a result of dynamic or kinetic action between a fluid and a rotating system of blades. The energy transfer is accompanied both by pressure and momentum changes. Examples of dynamic machines, also called the turbomachines are:● water, steam, and gas turbines,● pumps, fans, blowers, and compressors,● propellers, windmills, and unshrouded fans, and● fluid coupling and torque converters.In these bladed machines, an impervious boundary containing the fluid does not exist at any time. Further, the operation of these machines is both steady and continuous.Turbomachines can be identified as power generating, power absorbing, and power transmitting machines. In a power generating turbomachine, the energy of the incoming fluid is transferred to the rotating element which in turn may drive another machine. These machines produce power by expanding fluid to low pressure or head; there is a conversion from static pressure to kinetic energy. Examples of power generating machines are water, steam, and gas turbines. In a power-absorbing turbomachine, the rotating element imparts energy and thereby increases the pressure or head of the outgoing fluid; there is a transformation from kinetic energy into static pressure. Pumps, ducted fans, blowers, and compressors are notable examples of power-absorbing machines. In a power transmitting turbomachine, the energy of one rotating shaft is first transferred to the fluid which in turn transfers the energy to another shaft; this may result in a change of speed and torque. The best-known examples of power transmitting machines are fluid couplings and torque convertors. These machines are used for power transmission in automobiles and trucks, and industrial machines.
eBook - ePub- Pasquale M. Sforza, Pasquale M Sforza(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
Chapter 7. Turbomachinery7.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of a Compressor and a Turbine2387.1.1 Compressor thermodynamics2407.1.2 Turbine thermodynamics2417.1.3 Units used in compressors and turbines2427.2 Energy Transfer between a Fluid and a Rotor2437.2.1 Velocity components and work in turbomachines2467.3 The Centrifugal Compressor2487.3.1 Axial entry centrifugal compressor2507.3.2 Example: Centrifugal compressor2527.3.3 Pressure coefficient2537.3.4 Effects due to number and shape of blades2557.3.5 Guide vanes, diffusers, and volutes2607.4 Centrifugal Compressors, Radial Turbines, and Jet Engines2627.5 Axial Flow Compressor2637.5.1 Velocity diagrams2647.5.2 Pressure rise through axial flow compressor stages2667.5.3 Types of compressor stages2687.5.4 Compressor stages2717.5.5 Example: Axial compressor stages2747.5.6 Polytropic efficiency of adiabatic expansion2757.6 Axial Flow Turbine2767.6.1 Velocity diagrams2767.6.2 Pressure drop through axial flow turbine stages2777.6.3 Example: Turbine pressure drop2787.6.4 Types of turbine stages2797.7 Axial Flow Compressor and Turbine Performance Maps2837.7.1 General aerodynamic considerations2837.7.2 Turbine performance maps2867.7.3 Compressor maps2897.8 Three-Dimensional Considerations in Axial Flow Turbomachines2947.9 Nomenclature2967.9.1 Subscripts2977.9.2 Superscripts2987.10 Exercises298A general thermodynamic analysis of a compressor and a turbine is carried out, and details of the energy transfer between a fluid and the rotor through which it passes are derived. Operation and performance of a centrifugal compressor are developed. The application of centrifugal compressors and radial turbines to jet engines is covered. Operation of the axial flow compressor, which is the most widely used for aerospace propulsion, is analyzed in detail. The velocity diagram for, and pressure rise in, an axial flow compressor stage is derived, and the benefits of using multiple stages are detailed. The axial flow turbine is treated in equivalent detail. The characteristic axial flow compressor and turbine performance maps are developed in depth, and three-dimensional considerations in axial flow turbomachines are discussed.
eBook - PDFRadial Flow Turbocompressors
Design, Analysis, and Applications
- Michael Casey, Chris Robinson(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
In modern usage, turbo is a prefix for many types of turbomachine, such as turbopump, turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, turboshaft, turbocompressor and turbo- charger. A turbopump often refers to a rocket fuel pump. Turbojet, turbofan, turboprop and turboshaft are different architectures of gas turbine aeroengines. Turbochargers are used in internal combustion engines to increase their power by forcing more air into the charge of a cylinder, on the principle that introducing more oxygen means that more fuel can be burned. The use of turbochargers in fast sports cars caused the word turbo to become synonymous with anything superlative and fast. Turbomachinery has a long history and can be considered to be a very mature technology. Despite this, new developments and applications continually take place by applying incremental pieces of knowledge discovered by the many researchers, engineers and companies in the field. 1.4.2 Historical Overview Examples of turbines can be found in antique literature, such as Hero’s turbine (or aeliopile) as designed by Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD). The centrifugal pump was invented by Denis Papin (1647–1710) in France at the end of the seventeenth century but was not brought to fruition (Harris, 1951). The decisive scientific steps to explain the operation of a pump or a turbine were taken by Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) with the derivation of the Euler Turbomachinery equation; see Section 1.2.4. Developments in hydraulic Turbomachinery throughout the nineteenth cen- tury involving James Francis (1815–1892), Lestor Pelton (1829–1908) and Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912) led to the pioneering work of Sir Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931) and to the development in 1884 of the first multi- stage reaction steam turbine for driving a generator as an electrical power source.
- Klaus Brun, Peter Friedman, Richard Dennis(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
Fig. 7.2 over a realistic range of compressor and turbine efficiencies (turbine efficiency was held fixed at 87.5% as compressor efficiency varied, and compressor efficiency was fixed at 82.5% as turbine efficiency was varied). The results show that every two points of efficiency increase in the turbine results in approximately a one-point increase in cycle efficiency, while the impact of compressor efficiency is approximately half that. These trends are nearly linear over a typical range of machinery efficiencies. While the exact values will change for different cycle configurations, these trends will be similar.Off-design performance of the Turbomachinery will influence the part-load efficiency, operation strategy, and limits for the cycle based on the efficient and stable operating ranges of each component. As with other applications, start-up and shutdown procedures must also account for off-design machinery performance to avoid damaging conditions such as surge, operation at critical speeds, or overspeed. Finally, the mechanical design of the turbine(s) in particular may also affect the ability to execute fast thermal transients in the system, although transient thermal stresses in the recuperators and primary heat exchangers must also be considered.This chapter describes the operating requirements, challenges, and various design concepts for Turbomachinery in sCO2 -based power cycles. Section 7.2 describes the machinery types required for various cycle configurations and discusses the impact of Turbomachinery designs on cycle performance and flexibility. An overview of existing prototype Turbomachinery in various laboratory facilities is provided along with a review of Turbomachinery configurations and designs in the literature for various applications in Section 7.3 . Section 7.4 focuses on challenges common to all sCO2 turbomachines including rotordynamics, pressure containment, sealing, and transient/off-design operation with a description of specific components including bearings and seals. Sections 7.5 and 7.6 discuss compressor/pump- and turbine-specific design attributes and challenges, and a summary discussion is provided in Section 7.7 .Figure 7.2 Dependence of cycle efficiency on Turbomachinery efficiency (simple Brayton cycle).7.2. Machinery configurations
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