Superhero Grief

The Transformative Power of Loss

Jill A. Harrington, Robert A. Neimeyer, Jill A. Harrington, Robert A. Neimeyer

• Editore: Routledge
• Anno: 2020
• ISBN:
  9780429615214
• Edizione: 1
• Argomento: Psychologie
• Categoria: Conseil en psychothérapie

Superhero Grief uses modern superhero narratives to teach the principles of grief theories and concepts and provide practical ideas for promoting healing.

Chapters offer clinical strategies, approaches, and interventions, including strategies based in expressive arts and complementary therapies. Leading researchers, clinicians, and professionals address major topics in death, dying, and bereavement, using superhero narratives to explore loss in the context of bereavement and to promote a contextual view of issues and relationship types that can improve coping skills.

This volume provides support and psychoeducation to students, clinicians, educators, researchers, and the bereaved while contributing significantly to the literature on the intersection of death, grief, and trauma.

Part I

Historical Backgrounds: Grief, Loss, and the Creation of Superheroes

1 The Rippling Effects of the Holocaust

The Jewish Influence on the Development of Superheroes

Howard R. Winokuer and Fred C. Fowler

Superheroes have been a significant part of the U.S. and world culture for the past 90 years. The Marvel and DC comic universes have touched the lives of millions of children and adults, filling their minds with amazing characters who brought truth and justice to an unjust world. Characters such as Superman, Batman, Spider-Man, and Captain America have captivated readers with their magnificent feats of heroism, providing hope during a period in our history where little hope existed.

What are the origins of superheroes? It seems logical to believe the influences came from U.S. history; however, strong evidence indicates the influencing origins are firmly rooted in the 1930s and 1940s Jewish experiences in Eastern Europe and the subsequent worldwide effects of anti-Semitism (Brod, 2012). It is interesting to note that many writers who created these original characters were Jewish. The characters have a strong connection to the Jewish mode of thought in that “the bad guys that superheroes fight against are, in the final analysis, those people who have oppressed the Jewish people for centuries” (Brod, 2012, p. xx).

It is important to make a distinction between Judaism and Jewishness. Judaism is a religion, whereas Jewishness is associated with a culture, which can also involve the practicing of the Jewish religion. So, an interesting question to ponder is: are the characters Jewish? If they are, it’s not in the traditional sense. It’s not as if Superman or Iron Man go to synagogue on a weekly basis. And it is important to note that the Jewish writers who created these characters were not advocating for violence as a way to combat anti-Semitism, but rather that “owning their capacity to do violence must not be misconstrued as doing violence” (Breitman, 2012, p. xxii). One could conjecture that it was the artistic response to an attempted genocide of a people – the creation of meta-humans with superpowers in a time when Jewish people were oppressed and subjected to a sense of powerlessness.

According to Brod (2012), these writers were not men who fit the traditional definition of what it meant to be manly, but rather were seen as men who were shy, introverted, and unable to live up to the expectations of how a macho man was supposed to act. They fit the stereotype of a typical Jewish man. It seems particularly interesting that people who were perceived as “less then real men created Superman” (Brod, 2012, p. xviii). This may have been a way that these writers created characters that fought for justice in a world where they had no power to do so themselves. It has been hypothesized (Brod, 2012) that the Jewish people lost much of their heritage during the Holocaust and that the creation of superheroes were the writers’ attempt to reclaim this heritage.

1.1Artist Origins

In the 1930s two young boys, Jerry Siegel and Joseph Shuster, children of Jewish parents who had fled Eastern Europe, met and created a partnership that eventually created Superman (“Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster and Superman”, n.d.). Their first Superman character was a bald telepathic villain, and the comic book was not successful. They then morphed the character into the bespectacled Clark Kent who was patterned after the famous actors Clark Gable and Kent Taylor. The Jewish component of this character was a hidden identity and the desire to “fit” into society.

Stan Lee, an Army WWII veteran, was a Jewish writer who created many Marvel characters, such as Spider-Man, Thor, the X-Men, Iron Man, the Flash, Dr. Strange, and the Fantastic Four. Born Stanley Martin Lieber, the son of Jewish parents who immigrated to the United States from Romania, Stan became an assistant in 1939 at Timely Comics. As was common practice at the time, Jewish-sounding surnames were Westernized to be assimilated into the American and Canadian cultures. Stan changed his name to be accepted within the larger general population, stating, “for journalistic reasons” (Thomas, 2018, para. 12). Also, he was embarrassed and didn’t want anyone to associate him with comic books, as he thought one day he would write a great American novel (Thomas, 2006). There was stigma associated with writing comics, as much as being Jewish. Comics were not considered art, or great storytelling, and films based on comics still receive scrutiny for this today.

Another superhero creator was Bob Kane. Born Robert Kahn, Bob was also the son of Jewish parents who had immigrated to the United States from Eastern Europe. Bob similarly changed his name to disguise his Jewish heritage. In collaboration with Bill Finger, Bob created Batman (and Robin), the “Dark Night”, one of the most well-known and iconic superheroes in the world (Boxer, 1998). Bruce Wayne, aka “Batman”, transforms from a helpless, traumatized child who witnessed the murder of his parents into one of the world’s most brilliant detectives and crime-fighting superheroes.

William (Will) Erwin Eisner was born in Brooklyn, New York, and was the grandson of Hungarian immigrants. His family was poor and moved frequently. The family soon found themselves in the Bronx, where he attended DeWitt Clinton High School (as did Stan Lee). There, he met Bob Kane and began creating comics at Kane’s behest, who encouraged Will to submit his drawings to Wow Magazine. While serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, Will created Joe Dope, whose escapades helped soldiers fight the terrible war against the Nazis.

In addition to these writers, other comic book illustrators were also of the Jewish background. What was the commonality of these writers? All grew up in Jewish homes, all were children or grandchildren of people who had immigrated from Eastern Europe, fleeing the Nazi regime and the rippling effects of continued anti-Semitism post-World War II.

1.2The Jewish Influence on the Dawn of the Comic Book Industry

So how did the comic book industry and superheroes get started? In his article addressing the Jewish influence on the creation of superheroes, Kogan (2019) states,

The American comic-book industry started as an idea largely of Jewish artists in the 1930s and ...