CPTED and Traditional Security Countermeasures

150 Things You Should Know

Lawrence Fennelly, Marianna Perry

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• ISBN:
  9781351385435
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Informatique
• Subtopic: Cybersécurité

CTPED and Traditional Security Countermeasures: 150 Things You Should Know is a handy reference for both seasoned professionals and those just starting out in security and law enforcement. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a foundational concept to physical security and can be incorporated widely in security policies, plans, and procedures. It has proven effective over the many years insofar as building and campus design, security architecture, and creating an overall security culture in any workplace.

The authors have collected a broad array of topics together, garnered through their many years of real-world experience in the field. Security solutions that address a wide range of physical security challenges are presented in an easy to follow format. Security practitioners and law enforcement professionals alike will find practical tips to understand and manage their security program, including access control, target hardening, command and control, physical security protections, and visitor management, among a myriad of other topics. This will be a must-have reference for professionals looking for real-world recommendations for physical security solutions.

Chapter 1

Who Is Jane Jacobs?

Jane Jacobs wrote extensively on urban studies and was a woman ahead of her time. Many consider her the first woman in the security profession. She wrote, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), which The New York Times said was “Perhaps the most influential single work in the history of town planning.”1

She recommended “four generators of diversity” for cities and economic developments that “create effective economic pools of use”:

Mixed primary uses, activating streets at different times of the day

Short blocks, allowing high pedestrian permeability

Buildings of various ages and states of repair

Density2

The book covers such topics as the use of sidewalks, their safety, and the public assimilating them to children’s activities—and that was just the first 88 pages. Next, Jacobs covered the use of neighborhood parks and the use of city neighborhoods. Chapter 22 is titled, “The Kind of Problem a City Is.” It begins, “Thinking has its strategies and tactics too, much as other forms of action have. Merely to think about cities and get somewhere, one of the main things to know is what kind of problems cities pose, for all the problems cannot be thought about the same way.”

There is something very pure about Jacob’s style of writing. It is much deeper than it initially appeared, and reading The Death and Life of Great American Cities3 will require you to think about the implications of her thoughts on urban planning, even though she was not an architect or a city planner. We highly recommend this work.

1When Jane Jacobs Took on the World. Retrieved on April 28, 2017, from: http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/08/specials/jacobs.html

2The Death and Life of Great American Cities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_and_Life_of_Great_American_Cities; Aaron M. Renn. On Jane Jacobs: “Generating and Preserving Diversity.” http://www.newgeography.com/content/002711-on-jane-jacobs-generating-and-preserving-diversity

3A pdf of Jane Jacobs book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities is available at: https://www.buurtwijs.nl/sites/default/files/buurtwijs/bestanden/jane_jacobs_the_death_and_life_of_great_american.pdf

Chapter 2

Defensible Space Theory and CPTED

Oscar Newman, an architect and city planner, developed the Defensible Space Theory in the early 1970s to encompass ideas about crime prevention and neighborhood safety.1 Newman’s book, Defensible Space was written in 1972. The book contains a study from New York that discusses how higher crime rates existed in high-rise apartment buildings than in lower housing projects. His conclusion was that an area was safer when people felt a sense of ownership and responsibility for the property. Fear was higher in an area where residents had no control or personal responsibility for an area occupied by so many people. Newman’s focus was on social control, crime prevention, and public health in relation to community design.

Theory

Newman’s book, Design Guidelines for Creating Defensible Space, defined defensible space as “a residential environment whose physical characteristics—building layout and site plan—function to allow inhabitants themselves to become the key agents in ensuring their own security” (p. 118). He goes on to explain that a housing development is only defensible if residents intend to adopt this role, which is defined by good design: “Defensible space therefore is a socio-physical phenomenon,” says Newman. Both society and physical elements are parts of a successful defensible space.

The theory argues that an area is safer when people feel a sense of ownership and responsibility for the area. Newman’s ideas include that “the criminal is isolated because his turf is removed” when each space in an area is owned and cared for by a responsible party. If an intruder can sense a watchful community, the intruder feels less secure committing his or her crime. The idea is that crime and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated through environmental design.

There are five factors that make a space defensible:

1.Territoriality—the idea that one’s home is sacred.

2.Natural Surveillance—the link between an area’s physical characteristics and the residents’ ability to see what is happening.

3.Image—the capacity of the physical design to impart a sense of security.

4.Milieu—other features that may affect security, such as proximity to a police substation or busy commercial area.

5.Safe Adjoining Areas—for better security, residents obtain higher ability to surveil the adjoining area through designing the adjoining area.

The concept of defensible space is controversial. A U.S. Department of Justice experiment in Hartford, Connecticut, closed streets and assigned police teams to certain neighborhoods. New public housing projects were designed around ideas of limited access to the neighborhoods, but Hartford did not show any dramatic drop in crime. The...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Author
• Introduction
• 1. Who Is Jane Jacobs?
• 2. Defensible Space Theory and CPTED
• 3. Natural Surveillance
• 4. Natural Access Control
• 5. Target Hardening
• 6. Territorial Reinforcement
• 7. Maintenance and Image
• 8. Geographical Juxtaposition
• 9. Defensible Space: The Concept
• 10. First-Generation CPTED
• 11. First-Generation CPTED Breakdown
• 12. Second-Generation CPTED: Part 1
• 13. Second-Generation CPTED: Part 2
• 14. Third-Generation CPTED
• 15. Designing Security, Designing Out Crime, and Working with Architects
• 16. The Four Basic Layers of Physical Security
• 17. CPTED Strategies for Parking Lots and Parking Garages
• 18. The Grove Parking Garage: A Los Angeles Example
• 19. CPTED in Tacoma, Washington
• 20. CPTED Elements
• 21. Controlling Physical Deterioration and Disorder
• 22. Digital Intelligence
• 23. Digital Signage
• 24. Addressing Crime and Other Problems Using the SARA Process and CPTED Strategies
• 25. Using CPTED for Problem-Solving at a Building or Facility
• 26. Crime and the Fear of Crime Are Endemic Concerns in Contemporary Urbanized Societies
• 27. Neighborhood Watch
• 28. Managing Risk: CPTED Strategies for Multifamily Structures
• 29. Managing Risk: CPTED Strategies for Neighborhoods
• 30. Managing Risk: Office Buildings and Other Commercial Properties
• 31. Environmental Design to Positively Affect Behavior
• 32. Managing Risk: CPTED Strategies for Site Design of Schools
• 33. Modern Environmental Design
• 34. Five Things about Design
• 35. Vandalism and Graffiti
• 36. CPTED Security Solutions: 10 Things You Need to Know
• 37. Residential NFPA Safety Tips as Part of the Knowledge Required to Conduct a Residential CPTED Assessment
• 38. Partnerships to Reduce Crime
• 39. Developing a Culture of Security with CPTED
• 40. Definition of CPTED and Lighting Terminology
• 41. The Psychological Properties of Colors
• 42. Colors and Lighting for Parking Garages
• 43. Street Lighting
• 44. “Hot Spots”
• 45. Managing Risk: CPTED Strategies for Single-Family Homes
• 46. Managing Risk: CPTED Strategies for Industrial Sites
• 47. Crime Prevention
• 48. CPTED Landscape Security Recommendations
• 49. Design Out Crime
• 50. Block Watch in Canada: CPTED
• 51. Designing Out Crime in the United Kingdom: Why Design Out Crime?
• 52. CPTED in Canada
• 53. Crime Prevention Ottawa Study and Recommendations for CPTED in Ottawa: January 19, 2009
• 54. CPTED: Calgary Police Services
• 55. CPTED: a.k.a. Design against Crime
• 56. The Role of Police in Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
• 57. Milan: Crime Prevention through Urban Design
• 58. The Community Policing Consortium Project: Partnerships Involving Community Policing and CPTED
• 59. CPTED versus Traditional Security: Security Surveillance Systems (CCTV) and the Theory of Deterrence
• 60. CPTED versus Traditional Security: 15 Shopping Safety Tips
• 61. After CPTED and COPS: Situational Crime Prevention and Situational CPTED
• 62. Deterrents: Physical Barriers
• 63. CPTED Assessments for K-12 Schools
• 64. Part 1—CPTED and the Homeless: The Problem of Homeless Encampments
• 65. Part 2—CPTED and the Homeless: The Response to Homeless Encampments
• 66. Violent Behavior and Music: Is There a Relationship?
• 67. CPTED in Australia
• 68. CPTED in Denmark
• 69. Predictable Routes: Brisbane, Australia
• 70. New South Wales, Australia: CPTED Recommendations
• 71. CPTED Best Practices: Policy Objectives
• 72. International CPTED Association (ICA) Conference: Calgary, Canada
• 73. CPTED: Designing Out Crime (DOC) and Secured by Design (SBD)—United Kingdom
• 74. Through-Roads and Cul-De-Sacs: United Kingdom
• 75. Seating Next to a Footpath: United Kingdom
• 76. CPTED Tactics and Strategies: United Kingdom
• 77. CPTED Management Strategies: France and Italy
• 78. Natural Access Control Using “Hostile” Vegetation
• 79. Access and Pedestrian Walkways: Malaysia
• 80. Bicycle Paths: Australia
• 81. Bus Stops, Trains, Trolleys, and Taxi Stands
• 82. The Role of Planning and Design Professionals: South Africa and Nigeria
• 83. CPTED and Defensible Space: Ottawa
• 84. CPTED Foundations and Fundamentals: Risk, Risk Analysis and Assessments, and the Basis for Proper Planning
• 85. CPTED Tips to Enhance Security: Calgary Police Service, Crime Prevention Unit, Canada
• 86. Situational Crime Prevention Theory and CPTED
• 87. Situational Crime Displacement
• 88. First-, Second-, and Third-Generation CPTED
• 89. Partnerships: Key to CPTED and Community Policing
• 90. Using Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in Problem Solving
• 91. Access and Wayfinding for Physically and Mentally Challenged Individuals
• 92. Facilities Managers: How Secure Is Your Security Operation?
• 93. What Is Meant by “Urban Safety”?
• 94. Recommendations for Urban Decay: A Case Study at the XYZ Courts
• 95. Security for Commercial Properties: Deterring Crime through Design
• 96. Environment-Friendly Exterior Lighting
• 97. The Seven Qualities for Well-Designed, Safe Places
• 98. Parks, Reserves, and Waterways
• 99. CPTED Strategies
• 100. Broken Windows Theory and CPTED
• 101. Top 10 CPTED Research and Best Practice Resources on the Web
• 102. The International Dark-Sky Association and CPTED
• 103. Workplace Violence Mitigation: Emphasizing Hospitals and CPTED
• 104. Security Solution Hierarchy
• 105. Conducting a Physical Security Assessment
• 106. Depression, Dementia, ADHD, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, and CPTED
• 107. Tips on Crime Prevention Design Techniques for Businesses
• 108. Problem-Oriented Policing
• 109. Community Policing
• 110. Reactive Policing versus Proactive Policing
• 111. A Working Knowledge of Advanced CPTED Principles
• 112. The Premise of Third-Generation CPTED
• 113. Description of Second-Generation CPTED
• 114. Community Culture
• 115. Emerging Trends in Security in 2018 and Beyond
• 116. Youth Violence: Using Environmental Design to Prevent School Violence
• 117. CPTED and Private Country Clubs
• 118. CPTED Principles for Shopping Mall Design
• 119. Translating CPTED Principles into Action
• 120. Improved Street Lighting
• 121. Measuring and Evaluation of CPTED
• 122. CPTED Success: A Blend of Factors
• 123. Premises Liability and CPTED
• 124. Security Design for Schools
• 125. Examples of CPTED Success
• 126. CPTED Design and Planning Process
• 127. CPTED Construction Documentation
• 128. Two Important CPTED Concepts
• 129. Effectiveness and Criticism of CPTED
• 130. Four Obstacles to Adopting CPTED
• 131. Perceptions and Feelings of Safety
• 132. Suspicious Behavior
• 133. Crime and Effective Community Crime Prevention Strategies
• 134. Displacement of Crime and Diffusion of Crime
• 135. Crime Prevention: Watching Out, Helping Out
• 136. CPTED Strategies: Prince William County, Virginia
• 137. Street Safety
• 138. Safety While Using an Automatic Teller Machine
• 139. Space Management and Design
• 140. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
• 141. The 10 Principles of Crime Prevention
• 142. Security Lighting
• 143. Design Out Crime from the Start
• 144. Creating a Plan to Improve Environmental Conditions
• 145. Crime Opportunity Theory and CPTED
• 146. Social Disorganization Theory and CPTED
• 147. Calming the Traffic
• 148. Risk Reduction for the University Campus Community
• 149. CPTED Concepts from a Fire Department Perspective
• 150. Space Management and Design
• Conclusion
• Appendix A: Fear of Crime
• Appendix B: The Title of This Book
• Index