Chapter 1
Jane Jacobs wrote extensively on urban studies and was a woman ahead of her time. Many consider her the first woman in the security profession. She wrote, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), which The New York Times said was âPerhaps the most influential single work in the history of town planning.â
She recommended âfour generators of diversityâ for cities and economic developments that âcreate effective economic pools of useâ:
Mixed primary uses, activating streets at different times of the day
Short blocks, allowing high pedestrian permeability
Buildings of various ages and states of repair
The book covers such topics as the use of sidewalks, their safety, and the public assimilating them to childrenâs activitiesâand that was just the first 88 pages. Next, Jacobs covered the use of neighborhood parks and the use of city neighborhoods. Chapter 22 is titled, âThe Kind of Problem a City Is.â It begins, âThinking has its strategies and tactics too, much as other forms of action have. Merely to think about cities and get somewhere, one of the main things to know is what kind of problems cities pose, for all the problems cannot be thought about the same way.â
There is something very pure about Jacobâs style of writing. It is much deeper than it initially appeared, and reading The Death and Life of Great American Cities will require you to think about the implications of her thoughts on urban planning, even though she was not an architect or a city planner. We highly recommend this work.
Chapter 2
Defensible Space Theory and CPTED
Oscar Newman, an architect and city planner, developed the Defensible Space Theory in the early 1970s to encompass ideas about crime prevention and neighborhood safety. Newmanâs book, Defensible Space was written in 1972. The book contains a study from New York that discusses how higher crime rates existed in high-rise apartment buildings than in lower housing projects. His conclusion was that an area was safer when people felt a sense of ownership and responsibility for the property. Fear was higher in an area where residents had no control or personal responsibility for an area occupied by so many people. Newmanâs focus was on social control, crime prevention, and public health in relation to community design.
Theory
Newmanâs book, Design Guidelines for Creating Defensible Space, defined defensible space as âa residential environment whose physical characteristicsâbuilding layout and site planâfunction to allow inhabitants themselves to become the key agents in ensuring their own securityâ (p. 118). He goes on to explain that a housing development is only defensible if residents intend to adopt this role, which is defined by good design: âDefensible space therefore is a socio-physical phenomenon,â says Newman. Both society and physical elements are parts of a successful defensible space.
The theory argues that an area is safer when people feel a sense of ownership and responsibility for the area. Newmanâs ideas include that âthe criminal is isolated because his turf is removedâ when each space in an area is owned and cared for by a responsible party. If an intruder can sense a watchful community, the intruder feels less secure committing his or her crime. The idea is that crime and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated through environmental design.
There are five factors that make a space defensible:
1.Territorialityâthe idea that oneâs home is sacred.
2.Natural Surveillanceâthe link between an areaâs physical characteristics and the residentsâ ability to see what is happening.
3.Imageâthe capacity of the physical design to impart a sense of security.
4.Milieuâother features that may affect security, such as proximity to a police substation or busy commercial area.
5.Safe Adjoining Areasâfor better security, residents obtain higher ability to surveil the adjoining area through designing the adjoining area.
The concept of defensible space is controversial. A U.S. Department of Justice experiment in Hartford, Connecticut, closed streets and assigned police teams to certain neighborhoods. New public housing projects were designed around ideas of limited access to the neighborhoods, but Hartford did not show any dramatic drop in crime. The...