PART I
A Radical Tradition:
Re-writing (for) the Voice Chapter 1
âThe New Vocality in Contemporary Musicâ (1966)
Cathy Berberian
Translation by Francesca Placanica
What is the New Vocality that appears so threatening to the old guard? It is the voice which has an endless range of vocal styles at its disposal, embracing the history of music as well as aspects of sound itself; marginal perhaps compared to the music, but fundamental to human beings. Unlike the instrument, which can be locked up and put away after use, the voice is something more than an instrument, precisely because it is inseparable from its interpreter. It lends itself to the numerous tasks of our daily lives continuously: it argues with the butcher over the roast beef, whispers sweet words in intimacy, shouts insults to the referee, asks for directions to the Piazza CaritĂ , etc. Furthermore, the voice expresses itself through communicative ânoises,â such as sobs, sighs, tongue snaps, screams, groans, laughter. Moreover, the voice has a capacity for diverse types of vocal emissions, among which are two that are still considered illegitimate to this day, and quite unfairlyâconsidering how they had left their mark on decidedly serious composers such as Schoenberg, Debussy, Ravel, BartĂłk, etc.ânamely, those styles related to jazz and folk music. These traditions are also a reflection of our society: folk music reveals our roots and jazz expresses the fleurs du mal du siĂšcle.
I believe that a modern singer should be both sensitive and open, albeit in an empirical way, to these diverse aspects of vocality, isolating them from the context of linguistic conditioning and developing them instead as âways of beingâ for the voiceâtowards a musical integration of possibilities and musical attitudes not yet âofficiallyâ catalogued as emerging from musical experience and that are crucial for the further development of a âNew Vocality.â (That newness, we discover, only exists to a certain extent, though, when we trace its genealogical tree.) The elements constituting the New Vocality have existed since time immemorial: it is merely their justification and musical necessity that is new. I do not want to be misunderstood: the New Vocality is emphatically not based on the inventory of more or less unedited vocal effects which the composer may devise and the singer regurgitates, but rather on the singerâs ability to use the voice in all aspects of the vocal process; a process which can be integrated as flexibly as the lines and expressions on a face.
At this point the usual question arises: what do these sound experiences have to do with music? A contemporary painter like Dubuffet uses materials completely foreign to oil, tempera and classic watercolors when he works with butterfly wings, sponges, beard hairs and the residual incrustation of a boilerâwhat could be further from Michelangelo, and yet closer to the objects with which we are in contact in our daily lives? In the chapter âSirensâ in Ulysses, Joyce introduces the element of noise through onomatopoeia. The text becomes the verbal sonorification of a scene in a public place; a kind of recording. Indeed, his literary ârecordingâ was the basis for one of the most beautiful works in the field of electronic music: Thema (Omaggio a Joyce) by Berio.
I must state here that the techniques of recording and montage have had a fundamental role in vocal music. The fact that it is possible to record a sound or sounds with a tape recorder, isolate them from their original context, listen to them per se, as a sound, then modify and combine them with other sonic elements belonging to other contexts, has allowed the musician (and the singer) to listen in ways different from reality and from all the sounds that normally escape our attention because they are absorbed and masked by the action which produces them and the experience which provokes them. In order to understand the New Vocality, it is essential to establish that art must reflect and express its own era; and yet it must refer to the past, accepting the weight of history (just as my daughter envies children born centuries ago because they had less history to study!); it must, while apparently creating a break, provide a continuity which belongs to the present and at the same time leave the door open to the future. Another function of recording is the documentation of actual sounds: of interpretations considered stylistically and traditionally perfect at the time, but now revealed as overrated by the merciless evidence of vinyl. Interpretation evolves along with society. In the theater as well, what was considered a brilliant performance 40 years ago becomes an unbearable artifice today. I would say that the increased diffusion of artistic forms, the fast speed with which they are absorbed into culture (not necessarily haute culture), the multiplication of the means of entertainment for the masses to an extent never previously known, all this not only makes for, but also benefits, the essential evolution of interpretation.
Having a tradition is as important as having a mother and a father to enable birthâbut the inevitable moment always arrives when we must leave the security of the old life in order to be able to create a new one. However, the word âtraditionâ is also a trap. Just remember that the tradition of the recital is relatively new. Liszt was one of the first virtuosi to give a soirĂ©e with solo piano. Recitals for voice came much laterâthey were preceded for years by those frightful âtraditionalâ soirĂ©es which brought together the famous dancing horses of Vienna, Anna Pavlova, Enrico Caruso, dwarf acrobats and a symphonic movement. At a certain point, someone assumed the responsibility for âbreakingâ the potpourri soirĂ©e in favor of the recital and so created a tradition. But a tradition is always an artifact and when it becomes no more than a legitimized fossil (look at the semi-deserted music halls, eloquent testimony to the mummification process), then it must make way for the ânewâ tradition.
In this sense the New Vocality not only refers to contemporary music, but also to the new way of approaching traditional music, exploiting the past experience of sound with the sensibility of the present (and a presentiment of the future).
For this reason the singer today can no longer be just a singer. Now the boundaries of interpretation, like those of the arts, are no longer clearly definedâand performers in one field violate the territory of others. (BrechtâWeill demanded actors who could sing, Schoenberg wanted singers who knew how to act.) The New Vocality affirms that there should be singers who are able to act, sing, dance, mime, improviseâin other words, affect the eyes as well as the ears. [I] propose the artist as a universal fact and the voice as part of the living body, acting and reacting. In the same way recitals and concerts will have so many theatrical elements ingrained in the musical context that these elements will function like a gestural alternativeâand this is something that music will endow to the intrusive and disordered stimuli of a culture predicated upon seeing and doing.
Chapter 2
âLa nuova vocalitĂ nellâopera contemporaneaâ (1966): Cathy Berberianâs Legacy
Francesca Placanica
What is the New Vocality that appears so threatening to the old guard? It is the voice which has an endless range of vocal styles at its disposal, embracing the history of music as well as aspects of sound itself; marginal perhaps compared to the music, but fundamental to human beings.1
With these words, Cathy Berberian opened her 1966 essay and manifesto âLa nuova vocalitĂ nellâopera contemporaneaâ (âThe New Vocality in Contemporary Musicâ) thereby announcing to the world the performance philosophy that had gained her the accolade âthe Muse of Darmstadt.â However, the Armenian-American mezzo-soprano exceeded the muse-like status accorded to her by post-war avant-garde composers; those male composers who envisaged her as either an archetypal woman or, in a sonic equivalent, the embodiment of the female voice. Berberian overcame, too, the caesura between composition and performance, carrying the compositional act all the way to the performance stage. A strong believer in the possibilities of the human voice, she codified a theory of âThe New Vocality,â2 investing singers with a reconceived creative role, exhorting them to become the âcomposers of their own performance[s].â Her validation of noises and sounds not traditionally classifiable as âmusicalâ within notions of vocal performance in music made her approach pioneering. Most significantly, this practice and philosophy was considered an act of writing with the voice, which developed over the artistâs life course.
Indeed, the details of Berberianâs career and musical achievements present a unique case, given the historically rarefied musical milieu from which she emerged and the way in which she transformed these early experiences. This transformation then influenced the choices of subsequent performers and their experiments with vocality (see Chapters 9, 10 and 11 of this volume). Therefore her manifesto regarding âThe New Vocalityâ is an important document in music and art history as much as it is an artifact continuous with her ongoing performance practice at the time of its writing.3 The essay notably appeared in Italian in I concerti dellâUnione Musicale in the 1980s, in a special issue of Symphonia, Giornale della radio Svizzera Italiana4 in 1993, and in English for the first time in Chapter 1.
The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the genesis and theoretical implications of the term âThe New Vocality,â as evidenced by Cathy Berberianâs beliefs on the matter, in tandem with her artistic endeavors. I will examine a range of Berberianâs artistic achievements that shed light on concepts in the manifesto, making a case for the uniqueness of her valuable contribution to the history of twentieth-century vocal performance practice. This includes an assessment of her contribution to a discourse that underpins the development of twentieth-century vocality, paving the way for the discussions of her legacy within subsequent chapters in this volume. This is a much-needed undertaking, not only in order to contextualize the research dealing specifically with Berberian but to provide a more detailed and thorough account of the development of twentieth-century experimental vocality by placing this foundational document at its center.
In referring once more to the specific historical milieu of her early work, I would argue that Berberian is now read in history as the artist who preserved many works of the European and North American avant-garde school in her repertoire, making them known to a wide range of audiences, and thus increasing the debt of a generation of young composers to her active commitment. Throughout the 1970s until her death in the early 1980s, she included works such as John Cageâs Aria, Sylvano Bussottiâs Lâhistoire dâO and Luciano Berioâs Thema (Omaggio a Joyce) in her recitals, playing a significant role in the survival and dissemination of these pieces. Although her influence in this respect has generally been reco...