A fundamental weakness of patterns of thinking is that they limit what we perceive; we see only what makes sense in the pattern.
It is normal to think that the way we understand or do something is not only the right way but also the only way, until we encounter other approaches and recognize that they present alternatives. We may not adopt those alternatives, but the benefit to having encountered them is that we realize we have choices. The idea of neuroplasticity has emerged from a recent change in scientific understanding of how the brain works. It is not, as was thought for 400 years, a machine whose parts have pre-assigned, specific functions. Rather, the brain not only shapes mental activity, but it is shaped by mental activity. Patterns of thought need not be static, but can change.4 When people travel abroad, read, watch television programs, go to museums, listen to podcasts or music, they discover that other people in other times and places have made different choices, and that those choices have had consequences. And even as they experience differences, they also notice things they have in common and may come to a changed understanding of what it means to be human.
Exposure to other ways of doing things helps us recognize patterns of thinking, allows us to reflect on alternative approaches, and offers us the opportunity to make choices.
In other words, exposure to other ways of doing things helps us recognize patterns of thinking, allows us to reflect on alternative approaches, and offers us the opportunity to make choices.
Consider criminal justice. When we hear about a crime, we âknowâ that someone has been charged with breaking a law. That law may be justified on the grounds that it protects individuals (like laws about burglary), the community (like laws about drug dealing), or the government (like laws about paying taxes). We also âknowâ that there are laws to protect those who have been harmed, and that the person responsible for the crime should be caught and held accountable for breaking those laws. We âknowâ that criminal cases involve government prosecution of people accused of causing criminal harm to determine whether they did in fact break the law. We also âknowâ that those who are guilty are sent to prison as punishment or may be âgiven a breakâ and placed on probation. We may have opinions about whether the person was actually guilty, or about whether the sentence was just, but we seldom, if ever, question the underlying assumptions of the process. Crime is lawbreaking; the focus after crime should be on the person we believe did it, and once found guilty they should be punished, such as by having their liberty taken away or curtailed in some way.
Yet, nagging questions surface from time to time, prompted by events or intuitions that do not fit neatly within the pattern. Perhaps the most profound and obvious ones have to do with the people who were harmed. Why are some so dissatisfied with how the criminal justice system treats them? Is it wrong when they want to have a say in how the police conduct the investigation, or how the prosecutor presents the case, or what sentence the judge gives the person convicted of harming them?
If the criminal justice system is fair, why are people of color and other marginalized groups so disproportionately impacted when compared to their representation in the population? Imprisonment has a long-lasting negative relationship to the ability of those who have been locked up to reestablish themselves when they return to society. Instead of reducing crime, imprisonment results in high rates of repeat offending among those who did time before. Yet, US incarceration rates increased fivefold between the early 1970s, when it was less than 100 people per 100,000, until it peaked in 2007 at 762 people per 100,000. Only then did policymakers take notice of the financial impact of this practice, and incarceration rates began a slight decline. As we will see, the institutions of criminal justice were developed in large part to achieve rehabilitation. For two centuries, Americans and Europeans have experimented with a succession of programs to accomplish this purpose. Every attempt has ended in disappointment. Is there anything we could do differently that might get better results?
We suggest in this book that the way we think about crime is inadequate. By defining crime as lawbreaking and then concentrating on the adversarial relationship between the government and the defendant, we fail to addressâor even recognizeâcertain fundamental reasons for, and results of, criminal behavior. Moreover, we fail to recognize the fruits, or outcomes, our justice systems produce. Adding new programs to an inadequate pattern of thinking is not enough if what is needed is a different pattern. That is what this book proposes.
Adding new programs to an inadequate pattern of thinking is not enough if what is needed is a different pattern.
It is not as though our current approach to criminal justice is the only one. There have been times and places when crime was viewed far more comprehensivelyâas an offense against the people harmed, their families, the community, and society. The goal of justice was to satisfy the parties, and the way to do that included making things right by repairing the damage to those parties, whether the damage was physical, financial, or relational. This is different from an approach that defines crime solely as an offense against the government, and whose goal is crime prevention through rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence.
Let us explore these patterns more closely.