Boycotts, Buses, and Passes

Black Women's Resistance in the U.S. South and South Africa

Pamela E. Brooks

• Publisher: University of Massachusetts Press
• Year: 2008
• Print ISBN: 9781558496781
• eBook ISBN: 9781613760734
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: 20th Century History
• Index: Social Sciences

In the mid-1950s, as many developing nations sought independence from colonial rule, black women in the American South and in South Africa launched parallel campaigns to end racial injustice within their respective communities. Just as the dignified obstinacy of Mrs. Rosa Parks sparked the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955, the 20,000 South African women who marched in Pretoria a year later to protest the pass laws signaled a new wave of resistance to the system of apartheid. In both places women who had previously been consigned to subordinate roles brought fresh leadership to the struggle for political freedom and social equality. 

In this book, Pamela E. Brooks tells their story, documenting the extraordinary achievements of otherwise ordinary women. In comparing the experiences of black women activists in two different parts of the African diaspora, Brooks draws heavily on oral histories that provide clear, and often painful, insight into their backgrounds, their motives, their hopes, and their fears. We learn how black women from all walks of life—domestic and factory workers, householders, teachers, union organizers, churchwomen, clubwomen, rural and urban dwellers alike—had to overcome their class differences and work through the often difficult gender relations within their families and communities. Yet eventually they came together to forge their own political organizations, such as the Women's Political Council and the Federation of South African Women, or joined orga-nizations of women and men, such as the Montgomery Improvement Association and the African National Congress, to advance the common agenda of black liberation.By tracing the dual rise of political consciousness and activism among the black women of the U.S. South and South Africa, Brooks not only illuminates patterns that have long been overlooked but places that shared history within the context of a larger global struggle to bring an end to the vestiges of European colonialism.

Table of contents

• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Chapter One. In the Beginning: Early Resistance among Enslaved and Free Women, 1721–1870
• Chapter Two. No Wash or Pass: Institution Building, Migration, and Protest, 1867–1918
• Chapter Three. When We Were Just Girls: Rural Life Challenges in Black Belt Alabama and Pre-apartheid South Africa, 1920s–1940s
• Chapter Four. “Looking for better”: Montgomery, Johannesburg, and the Urban Context, 1920s–1940s
• Chapter Five. “My politics were influenced from the trade union”: Raising Political Consciousness, 1930s–1940s
• Chapter Six. Launching New Networks: Black Women Organizing for Change, 1940–1950
• Chapter Seven. “Put my foot in the road and walked!”: Black Women Lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1950–1961
• Chapter Eight. “We will not ride!”-“We don’t want passes!”: South African Women Rising in Political Movement, 1950–1960
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Index
• Illustrations