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Sacred Centers
Homer
So I figure I should just try to live right and worship you in my own way.
God
Homer, itās a deal.
āHomer Simpson talks to God in The Simpsonsā āHomer the Hereticā
In The Simpsons episode āHomer the Hereticā Homer skips church on a cold, snowy morning while his family attends church and freezes miserably because the heater is broken. Homer dances around the house in his underwear (parodying Tom Cruise in Risky Business), watches football, and eats a waffle wrapped around a stick of butter and served on a toothpick. He attributes his great morning to missing church and vows never to go again. Marge is upset, but Homer is adamant. Later, when God visits Homer in a dream and accuses him of forsaking his church, Homer defends himself, saying, āIām not a bad guy. I work hard and I love my kids. So why should I spend half my Sunday hearing about how Iām going to hell?ā God agrees that Homer has a point. He allows Homer to worship him in his own way before disappearing to appear in a tortilla in Mexico.
This encounter convinces Homer of his decision. He walks around his backyard dressed like St. Francis of Assisi, creates fake holidays to get out of work, refuses to give money to local entertainer Krusty the Clown for the Brotherhood of Jewish Clowns, insults Apu by offering his murti of Ganesha a peanut, and is chased by the Flanders clan who try to bring him back to the church by singing the Sunday school song āThe Lord Said to Noah.ā Falling asleep the next Sunday morning, Homer accidentally sets his house on fire, only to have Ned Flanders and the Springfield Volunteer Fire Departmentāincluding Krusty and Apuārescue him. Homerās explanation for the fire is simple: āThe Lord is vengeful.ā Reverend Lovejoy disagrees, asserting that God āwas working in the hearts of your friends and neighbors when they went to your aid, be they Christian, Jew, or miscellaneous [Hindu].ā Reverend Lovejoy convinces Homer to return to the church and Homer is there the next week, front row centerāasleep and snoring loudly. The episode ends with Homer dreaming that he is in heaven, walking with God, who consoles Homer, saying, āDonāt feel bad, Homer. Nine out of ten religions fail in their first year.ā Homerās personal walk with God matters, not his relationship with the church.
We cannot understand satire without understanding the satiristās moral core, and we cannot get to those cores without studying episodes that present some religious behaviors positively. Evaluations of religion are based on the values each program holds sacred. These values are often teased out through comparisons between good religious practice and bad religions, with Christianity treated especially negatively. āHomer the Hereticā is the best place to start our investigation of the three programsā sacred centers.
Spiritual Seeking in The Simpsons and Family Guy
There is no shortage of interpretations of āHomer the Hereticā and each discussion highlights different religious tensions and anxieties from the broader culture that are reflected in Homerās choice. Journalist Mark Pinsky argues that āHomer the Hereticā is built around the question of how God wants to be worshipped and the intrafamily struggles about how to raise children when parents are unequally committed.1 The small group study guide he co-authored with Pastor Samuel F. Parvin uses this episode to argue for the importance of having a relationship with God and belonging to a faith community.2 Journalist Steven Keslowitz suggests the episode demonstrates that morality can be achieved apart from religion, but that religion is useful for forging communal bonds.3 Religion scholar Gordon Lynch treats it as a discourse on American interfaith dialogue, arguing that it promotes different religions working together for the common good.4 William Romanowski, a scholar of religion and mass media, uses Homerās decision to stay home to capture American religious individualism, while theologian Jamie Heit employs this episode to illustrate how Americans are leaving Christianity for individualized spirituality, a position he deems perilous.5 Journalist Chris Turner, on the other hand, thinks āHomer the Hereticā is an attempt to strike a balance between fundamentalist and faithless extremes, contending that, in contrast to the Flanders, in the Simpson household āfaith is flexible, responsive, debatable, alive.ā6 Cultural studies scholar Matthew Henry writes that the episode is an extended critique of fundamentalist, institutionalized religion.7 For religious studies scholar Lisle Dalton and his associates it coalesces the programās many religious themes: āAgainst the backdrop of declining religious authority, increasing personal choice, and āflatteningā of doctrines into more palatable themes, television presents revamped morality plays such as this in which personal piety, religious pluralism, and sincere goodness rate higher than denominational adherence and church attendance.ā8 Dalton and his associates hit upon this episodeās significance for understanding the larger world of The Simpsons. To find the religion jokes in āHomer the Hereticā funny you have to at least entertain the belief that all religions are comparable and that devotion to a set of institutional guidelines is foolish. You also have to believe that a relationship with God to further your spiritual development is personally beneficial.
āHomer the Hereticā presents the common American distinction between āreligionā and āspirituality.ā Individuals often maintain that they can be spiritual without being religious. Central to this notion is the idea that spirituality is something people craft for themselves by drawing from the worldās religious traditions. Sociologist of religion Wade Clark Roof calls spiritual seekers bricoleurs because they ācobble together a religious world from available images, symbols, moral codes, and doctrines, thereby exercising considerable agency in defining and shaping what is considered to be religiously meaningful.ā9 Personal spirituality draws upon numerous sources. For example, in Habits of the Heart, sociologist Robert Bellah and his associates provide the classic example of Sheilaism, named after interviewee Sheila Larsonās private faith, which was crafted from various external sources and her personal experiences and constituted belief in God without attending church.10 Yet, most conceptions of spirituality share three common characteristics. First, spirituality tends to be immanentistāits meaning and authority are found within the individual and not in institutional doctrines and dogmas. Second, spirituality often features a metaphysical connection between a supernatural force or power and the individual, with the force imparting special teaching and insight. Third, spirituality is often seen to apply to the concerns of everyday life.11 In The Simpsons these characteristics are mobilized through ignorant familiarity to generate institutional consonanceāas noted earlier, institutional consonance occurs when new ideas are considered legitimate and build upon already held beliefs, and ideas are integrated into preexisting plausibility structures. The trend toward a focus on spirituality versus organized religion resonates with the value Americans place on individualism and reinforces a moral boundary against traditions that require participants to stifle their individualism for dogma.
The significance of āHomer the Hereticā lies in the fact that Homer finds spiritual awareness within himself and legitimates his spirituality through his desires. When God approves of Homer worshipping in his own way, Homer has all the justification he needs to avoid things he deems undesirableālike going to church. Jokes in this episode promote relativism, thereby facilitating spiritual seeking. For example, after Homer makes his decision he asks Marge, āWhat if we picked the wrong religion? Each week weāre just making God madder and madder.ā Bart, who also wants to stop going to church, claps his hands and exclaims, āTestify!,ā parodying evangelical revivals. On the DVD commentary, producer Al Jean suggests that Homerās question is relevant, but its importance lies in relativismās corrosive effects on religious certainty. Maintaining certainty in the face of great and legitimate religious diversity is difficult. The First Amendmentās right to religious freedom ensures that there will always be challenges to religious plausibility. The Simpsons suggests through its jokes that we should embrace relativism and find our own ways. Through seeking, searching, and the ability and willingness to change traditions, spirituality is legitimated in this episodeās jokes because it appears more authentic than the churchās rote repetition. This religious flexibility is characteristic of baby boomer religion, which is hardly surprising when we consider that The Simpsonsā writers and producers are boomers or boomersā children.12 The Simpsons draws upon ideas that undermine religious exclusivity and adopts a perspective that all religions are equally validāeven ones concocted by lazy egoists who want to stay at home, drink beer, and watch television. To be spiritual Homer had to leave and find a religion that enabled him to be himself.
Family Guyās episode āThe Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonzā echoes āHomer the Heretic,ā but Family Guy has Peter form his own church dedicated to the worship of Arthur Fonzarelli of Happy Days (ABC 1974ā1984) fame.13 Disillusioned with his devout father Francis Griffinās Catholicism and straying from the generic Christianity the Griffins normally practice (sometimes it is Catholic, other times Protestant), he decides to find his own religion. After Peter tries the Latter Day Saints (LDS), Jehovahās Witnesses, and Hinduism, the belligerent and intolerant Irish Catholic Francis challenges his despondent son saying, āYou want to find religion? All you got to do is look in your heart. Whoās always been there for ya, offering wisdom and truth? Youāve known him all along son, now worship him!ā Peter has a sudden revelation and prays to Fonzie for a sign. A naked Lindsay Lohan then rings the doorbell and crabwalks into the house. Peterās new religion is confirmed as he exalts, āFonzie be praised!ā
Like Homer, Peter starts his own religion. Peterās is different because he establishes a church and has people visit a renovated barn that has stained glass windows featuring the characters from Happy Days and a statue of the Fonz hanging on the back wall, smiling, with his arms stretched to the side with two thumbs pointed straight up.
The visual reference to a crucifix is intentional, as MacFarlane notes on the DVD commentary that Fonzie was originally hanging from a cross, but censors made them remove it. Peter wears a priestās robes, speaks in King James English, and tells his congregation to āall riseā before telling them to ānow sit on itā like the Fonz. People are attracted to this religion. Francis, however, thinks it is an abomination and tries to drive Peter away from his newly established churchāa move Brian supports. Eventually, the two convince characters from televisionās past to form their own religions and Peterās flock leaves him. Although Peter is depressed at the episodeās conclusion, Lois cheers him up since he was āpreaching honesty, friendship, courage, and if you managed to inspire even one person to embrace those values, then you were a success.ā Although Peter is skeptical, we learn that he inspired Francis to do just that as he prays in front of Fonzieās picture at the episodeās conclusion.
As The Simpsonsā creative team did in āHomer the Heretic,ā Family Guyās team has Peter leave Christianity in search of a more personal faith. There are some substantial differencesāPeterās founding of a church as opposed to Homerās individualismābut the basic premise of free-form spiritual experimentation remains. Homer and Peter each look inside themselves and find that popular culture and their basest desires meet their needs. Homer wants to eat, watch television, and sleep in on Sundays. Peter wants to relive Happy Days without the emotional baggage accompanying his fatherās Catholicism. These practices are not condemned in the programs, even as the religions fade away after the weekās hijinks. God consoles Homer and Peter has made a substantial change in his fatherās life. Later, when we consider how Family Guy has approached religion in more recent seasons, we will see that this portrayal is practically benevolent compared with later treatments. Christianity is treated roughly in āThe Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonzā as Francis is verbally abusive (he calls Lois a āProtestant whoreā), but Peterās teachings...