Racisms

From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century

Francisco Bethencourt

• Publisher: Princeton University Press
• Year: 2014
• Print ISBN: 9780691169750, 9780691155265
• eBook ISBN: 9781400848416
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: World History
• Index: History

A groundbreaking history of racism

Racisms is the first comprehensive history of racism, from the Crusades to the twentieth century. Demonstrating that there is not one continuous tradition of racism, Francisco Bethencourt shows that racism preceded any theories of race and must be viewed within the prism and context of social hierarchies and local conditions. In this richly illustrated book, Bethencourt argues that in its various aspects, all racism has been triggered by political projects monopolizing specific economic and social resources.

Racisms focuses on the Western world, but opens comparative views on ethnic discrimination and segregation in Asia and Africa. Bethencourt looks at different forms of racism, and explores instances of enslavement, forced migration, and ethnic cleansing, while analyzing how practices of discrimination and segregation were defended.

This is a major interdisciplinary work that moves away from ideas of linear or innate racism and recasts our understanding of interethnic relations.

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Contents
• List of Illustrations
• List of Maps
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Part I: The Crusades
• Part II: Oceanic Exploration
• Part III: Colonial Societies
• Part IV: The Theories of Race
• Part V: Nationalism and Beyond
• Conclusions
• Notes
• Index