Anatomy Museum

Death and the Body Displayed

Elizabeth Hallam

• Publisher: Reaktion Books
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9781861893758
• eBook ISBN: 9781780236049
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: World History

The wild success of the traveling Body Worlds exhibition is testimony to the powerful allure that human bodies can have when opened up for display in gallery spaces. But while anatomy museums have shown their visitors much about bodies, they themselves are something of an obscure phenomenon, with their incredible technological developments and complex uses of visual images and the flesh itself remaining largely under researched. This book investigates anatomy museums in Western settings, revealing how they have operated in the often passionate pursuit of knowledge that inspires both fascination and fear. Elizabeth Hallam explores these museums, past and present, showing how they display the human body—whether naked, stripped of skin, completely dissected, or rendered in the form of drawings, three-dimensional models, x-rays, or films. She identifies within anatomy museums a diverse array of related issues—from the representation of deceased bodies in art to the aesthetics of science, from body donation to techniques for preserving corpses and ritualized practices for disposing of the dead. Probing these matters through in-depth study, Anatomy Museum unearths a strange and compelling cultural history of the spaces human bodies are made to occupy when displayed after death.

REFERENCES

Introduction: Articulating Anatomy

1 ‘Las Ruinas Circulares’ was first published in Sur 75, in December 1940. The quotation cited is from Jorge Luis Borges, Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings, ed. Donald A. Yates and James E. Irby (Harmondsworth, 1970), pp. 74–5.

2 Historical distinctions between specimens and preparations are explained in Simon Chaplin, ‘John Hunter and the “Museum Oeconomy”, 1750–1800’, PhD thesis, King’s College London (2009), pp. 101–2.

3 See Arjun Appadurai, ed., The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Cambridge, 1986); Cara Krmpotich, Joost Fontein and John Harries, ‘The Substance of Bones: The Emotive Materiality and Affective Presence of Human Remains’, Journal of Material Culture, XV (2010), pp. 371–84; Henrik B. Lindskoug and Anne Gustavsson, ‘Stories from Below: Human Remains at the Gothenburg Museum of Natural History and the Museum of World Culture’, Journal of the History of Collections, XXVII (2015), pp. 97–109; Katherine Verdery, The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Postsocialist Change (New York, 1999).

4 For studies of anatomy and pathology museums and collections, see Eva Åhrén, Death, Modernity, and the Body: Sweden 1870–1940, trans. Daniel W. Olson (Rochester, NY, 2009); Samuel J.M.M. Alberti, Morbid Curiosities: Medical Museums in Nineteenth-century Britain (Oxford, 2011); Chaplin, ‘John Hunter’; Elizabeth Hallam and Samuel J.M.M. Alberti, ‘Bodies in Museums’, in Medical Museums: Past, Present, Future, ed. Samuel J.M.M. Alberti and Elizabeth Hallam (London, 2013), pp. 1–15; Dawn Kemp with Sara Barnes, Surgeons’ Hall: A Museum Anthology (Edinburgh, 2009); Jonathan Reinarz, ‘The Age of Museum Medicine: The Rise and Fall of the Medical Museum of Birmingham’s School of Medicine’, Social History of Medicine, XVIII (2005), pp. 419–37; Steve Sturdy, ‘Making Sense in the Pathology Museum’, in Anatomy Acts: How We Come to Know Ourselves, ed. Andrew Patrizio and Dawn Kemp (Edinburgh, 2006), pp. 107–15. For histories of public anatomical exhibitions, see Richard D. Altick, The Shows of London: A Panoramic History of Exhibitions, 1600–1862 (Cambridge, MA, 1978); Alan W. Bates, ‘“Indecent and Demoralising Representations”: Public Anatomy Museums in Mid-Victorian England’, Medical History, LII (2008), pp. 1–22; Maritha Rene Burmeister, ‘Popular Anatomical Museums in Nineteenth-century England’, PhD thesis, Rutgers University (2000); Elizabeth Stephens, Anatomy as Spectacle: Public Exhibitions of the Body from to 1700 the Present (Liverpool, 2011).

5 For histories of medical education, see William F. Bynum and Roy Porter, eds, Medicine and the Five Senses (Cambridge, 1993); William F. Bynum et al., The Western Medical Tradition, 1800–2000 (Cambridge, 2006); Thomas Neville Bonner, Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1740–1945 (Oxford, 1995); Elizabeth Hurren, Dying for Victorian Medicine: English Anatomy and Its Trade in the Dead Poor, c. 1834–1929 (London, 2012); Fiona Hutton, The Study of Anatomy in Britain, 1700–1900 (London, 2013); Vivian Nutton and Roy Porter, eds, The History of Medical Education in Britain (Amsterdam, 1995); Keir Waddington, Medical Education at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 1123–1995 (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2003). Mark Weatherall, Gentlemen, Scientists, and Doctors: Medicine at Cambridge, 1800–1940 (Baltimore, MD, 2000).

6 For analysis of the constitution of knowledge in practice, as discussed in historical studies of science, see for example Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, Objectivity (New York, 2007); Lorraine Daston and Elizabeth Lunbeck, eds, Histories of Scientific Observation (Chicago, IL, 2011); Jan Golinski, Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism in the History of Science (Cambridge, 1998); Simon Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-century England (Chicago, IL, 1994), Simon Shapin, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as if It Was Produced by People with Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility (Baltimore, MD, 2010).

7 There is an extensive literature on the history of anatomy, see for example Andrea Carlino, Books of the Body: Anatomical Ritual and Renaissance Learning (Chicago, IL, 1999); Andrew Cunningham, The Anatomist Anatomis’d: An Experimental Discipline in Enlightenment Europe (Farnham, 2010); Anita Guerrini, ‘Anatomists and Entrepreneurs in Early Eighteenth-century London’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, LIX (2004), pp. 219–39; Hurren, Dying for Victorian Medicine; Hutton, Study of Anatomy; Cynthia Klestinec, Theatres of Anatomy: Students, Teachers, and Traditions of Dissection in Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, MD, 2011); Helen MacDonald, Possessing the Dead: The Artful Science of Anatomy (Melbourne, 2010); Katherine Park, Secrets of Women: Gender, Generation and the Origins of Human Dissection (New York, 2006); Lynda Payne, With Words and Knives: Learning Medical Dispassion in Early Modern England (Aldershot, 2007); Ruth Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute, 2nd edn (London, 2001); Jonathan Sawday, The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture (London, 1995); Michael Sappol, A Traffic of Dead Bodies: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in Nineteenth-century America (Princeton, NJ, 2002).

8 See Elizabeth Hallam and Tim Ingold, eds, Making and Growing: Anthropological Studies of Organisms and Artefacts (Farnham, 2014).

9 On embodiment, see for example Thomas J. Csordas, Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self (Cambridge, 1994); Christopher Lawrence and Simon Shapin, eds, Science Incarnate: Historical Embodiments of Natural Knowledge (Chicago, IL, 1998); Margaret Lock and Judith Farquhar, eds, Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life (Durham, NC, 2007); Rachel Prentice, Bodies in Formation: An Ethnography of Anatomy and Surgery Education (Durham, NC, 2013).

10 The University of Aberdeen’s Anatomy Department (or Anatomy Facility) is currently (to date) part of the School of Medicine and Dentistry. Acknowledgements regarding my research at this site are given at the end of this book. Elizabeth Hallam, ‘Anat...

Table of contents

• Front Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• CONTENTS
• Introduction: Articulating Anatomy
• One Hand and Eye: Dynamics of Tactile Display
• Two Animations: Relics, Rarities and Anatomical Preparations
• Three Nerve Centre: Museum Formation I
• Four Skeletal Growth: Museum Formation II
• Five Visualizing the Interior
• Six Living Anatomy
• Seven Paper, Wax and Plastic
• Eight Relocations and Memorials
• Abbreviations
• References
• Select Bibliography
• Acknowledgements
• Photo Acknowledgements
• Index