Game Changers

The Unsung Heroines of Sports History

Molly Schiot

• Publisher: Simon & Schuster
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9781501137105
• eBook ISBN: 9781501137112
• Topic: Art
• Subtopic: Women in History

“The embrace of women’s sports sometimes feels almost like a political act...Molly Schiot’s Game Changers: The Unsung Heroines of Sports History is so valuable.” —The Wall Street Journal

“A thoughtful, exhaustively researched, and long-overdue tribute to the women who have paved the way for the likes of Serena Williams, Abby Wambach, Simone Biles, and more.” —espnW

Based on the Instagram account @TheUnsungHeroines, a celebration of the pioneering, forgotten female athletes of the twentieth century that features rarely seen photos and new interviews with past and present game changers including Abby Wambach and Cari Champion.

Two years ago, filmmaker Molly Schiot began the Instagram account @TheUnsungHeroines, posting a photo each day of a female athlete who had changed the face of sports around the globe in the pre-Title IX age. These women paved the way for Serena Williams, Carli Lloyd, and Lindsey Vonn, yet few today know who they are. Slowly but surely, the account gained a following, and the result is Game Changers, a beautifully illustrated collection of these trailblazers’ rarely-before-seen photos and stories.

Featuring icons Althea Gibson and Wyomia Tyus, complete unknowns Trudy Beck and Conchita Cintron, policymaker Margaret Dunkle, sportswriter Lisa Olson, and many more, Game Changers gives these “founding mothers” the attention and recognition they deserve, and features critical conversations between past and present gamechangers—including former US Women’s National Soccer Team captain Abby Wambach and SportsCenter anchor Cari Champion—about what it means to be a woman on and off the field. Inspiring, empowering, and unforgettable, Game Changers is the perfect gift for anyone who has a love of the game.

NOTES

1964 JAPANESE VOLLEYBALL TEAM

Robert Whiting, “ ‘Witches of the Orient’ Symbolized Japan’s Fortitude,” Japan Times, October 21, 2014.

1976 YALE CREW TEAM

Steve Wulf, “Title Waves,” ESPN, June 14, 2012.

Kevin Paul Dupont, “Former Yale Rower Chris Ernst to Be Honored for Forcing Changes in Women’s Athletics,” Boston Globe, June 17, 2012.

Tim Bennett, “Christ Ernst ’76 Receives Special Achievement Award at the Tradition,” YaleBulldogs.com, June 28, 2012.

1984 CUBAN NATIONAL WOMEN’S BASKETBALL TEAM

“Fidel Castro and Cuban Women’s Basketball Team, 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games Preview,” Neil Leifer, Getty Images, http://www.gettyimages.com/license/165349518.

Associated Press, “Cuba Withdraws from Olympics,” New York Times, May 24, 1984, http://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/24/world/cuba-withdraws-from-olympic.html.

ABBY HOFFMAN

“Honoured Member Stories,” Canada’s Sports Hall of Fame, www.sportshall.ca/stories.html?proID=461.

“Abigail ‘Abby’ Hoffman,” AbigailHoffman.blogspot.com, January 2009.

“Abby Hoffman,” Library and Archives Canada, https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/030001-1509-e.html.

“Legends of Hockey—Non-NHL Trophies—Abby Hoffman Trophy,” Hockey Hall of Fame, www.hhof.com/htmlSilverware/silver_splashabbyhoffman.shtml.

“Abby Hoffman,” Sports-Reference.com, www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ho/abby-hoffman-1.html.

“Convocation 2015: Legendary Athlete Abby Hoffman Receives Honorary Degree from U of T,” University of Toronto, June 9, 2015, https://www.utoronto.ca/news/convocation-2015-legendary-athlete-abby-hoffman-receives-honorary-degree-u-t.

“Abby Hoffman,” JewsInSports.org, www.jewsinsports.org/Olympics.asp?sport=olympics&ID=633.

ALFREDA JACKSON, RUTH HARRIS, CLEMENTINE REDMOND, LILLIAN HARDY (ATA)

“Alfreda Jackson, Ruth Harris,” Afro Newspaper/Gado, Getty Images, http://www.gettyimages.com/license/513430001.

American Tennis Association, http://www.americantennisassociation.org/ata-history/.

ALICE COACHMAN

“Coachman Olympic Hall,” The Associated Press, http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/Associated-Press-Sports-Iowa-United-States-Trac-/d93e43c591e4da11af9f0014c2589dfb/9/0.

Richard Goldstein, “Alice Coachman, 90, Dies: First Black Woman to Win Olympic Gold,” New York Times, July 14, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/15/sports/alice-coachman-90-dies-groundbreaking-medalist.html?_r=0.

ALICE MARBLE

Eliza Berman, “Meet the Women’s Wimbledon Champion Who Was Also a Spy,” Time, June 29, 2015.

“Alice Marble,” Wikipedia, accessed March 13, 2016.

“Alice Marble Biography: Spy, Tennis Player, Athlete (1913–1990),” Biography.com, www.biography.com/people/alice-marble-40332.

Lorri Ungaretti, “A Remarkable Life: Alice Marble,” Guidelines: Newsletter for San Francisco City Guides and Sponsors,

www.sfcityguides.org/public_guidelines.html?article=1206.

ALISON JANE HARGREAVES

Steve Boggan, “ ‘Summit Fever’ Killed Hargreaves,” The Independent, August 22, 2015, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/summit-fever-killed-hargreaves-1597490.html.

Josie Bernard, “I loved her because she wanted to climb the highest peak. That’s who she was,” Guardian, August 28, 2002, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/28/gender.familyandrelationships.

ALL AMERICAN RED HEADS

“All American Red Heads Team,” Wikipedia, accessed January 9, 2016.

Howard Beck, “Photo in an Attic Leads to a Forgotten Team’s Place in the Hall of Fame,” New York Times, September 8, 2012.

ALTHEA GIBSON

Larry Schwartz, “Althea Gibson Broke Barriers,” ESPN, https://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014035.html.

“Althea Gibson,” International Tennis Hall of Fame, https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/althea-gibson.

Sarah Palfrey, “Althea Gibson, a Shy and Awkward Girl Who Had to Fight Herself as Often as a Hostile World, This Week Will Try for Her First National Singles Title at Forest Hills. Here Is a Warm Glimpse of Her by an Old Friend,” Sports Illustrated, September 2, 1957.

“Althea Gibson by Richard Evans (Black History Month),” 10sballs.com, February 4, 2016, www.10sballs.com/2016/02/04/althea-gibson-by-richard-evans-black-history-month.

The Learning Network, “July 6, 1957: Althea Gibson Becomes First Black Player to Win Wimbledon,” NYtimes.com, July 6, 2011, http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/july-6-1957-althea-gibson-becomes-first-black-player-to-win-wimbleldon.

“Althea Gibson,” History.com, 2009, www.history.com/topics/black-history/althea-gibson.

ANDREA JAEGER

Peter Alfano, “Struggling Jaeger Is Beaten by Jordan,” New York Times, August 29, 1985.

Neil Amdur, “Billie Jean King Defeats Andrea Jaeger,” New York Times, March 24, 1983.

“Jaeger Honored for Charity Work,” New York Times, March 9, 1994.

Robert Lipsyte, “A Short Career, a Lifetime Commitment,” New York Times, August 27, 2000.

Patrick Saunders, “Jaeger Finds Joy in Serving Others,” Denver Post, January 31, 2008.

Douglas Robson, “Jaeger Now In Service to Next Calling,” USA Today, March 18, 2011.

ANITA DEFRANTZ

Randy Harvey, “Is She the Most Powerful Woman in Sports?” Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1996.

Candace LaBalle, “DeFrantz, Anita 1952– ,” 2003, Encyclopedia.com, www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Anita_L._DeFrantz.aspx.

Ronald D. White, “How I Made It: Anita L. DeFrantz, President of the LA84 Foundation,” Los Angeles Times, April 27, 2014.

“Penn Biographies: Anita Lucette DeFrantz (Born 1952),” University of Pennsylvania, www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1900s/defrantz_anita_l.html.

ANKE-EVE GOLDMANN

“Anke Eve Goldmann: Amelia Earhart on Two Wheels,” Motorcycle Race Mag, April 22, 2014.

Paul D’Orleans, “Anke-Eve Goldmann,” The Vintagent, February 18, 2009, http://thevintagent.blo...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Dedication
• Epigraph
• Author’s Note
• Alice Marble
• Alice Coachman
• 1964 Japanese Volleyball Team
• Anita Defrantz
• Alison Jane Hargreaves
• Althea Gibson
• All American Red Heads
• Abby Hoffman
• Anke-Eve Goldmann
• Annie Smith Peck
• Betty Cook
• Alfreda Jackson, Ruth Harris, Clementine Redmond, and Lillian Hardy
• The Bakersfield Junior College Women’s Swim Team
• Babe Didrikson Zaharias
• Arlene Blum
• Bernice Gera
• Billie Jean King and the Battle of the Sexes
• AnnMaria De Mars
• Andrea Jaeger
• Barbara Polk Washburn
• Ann Koger
• Betty Robinson
• Briana Scurry
• Bernice Sandler
• Margaret Dunkle and Abby Wambach in Conversation
• Carol Rose and Theresa Sams
• Christy Martin
• Chris Von Saltza
• Conchita Cintrón
• Members of the 1984 Cuban National Women’s Basketball Team
• Diane Crump
• Gabriela Andersen-Schiess
• ‘Chicago Daily Defender’ 17th Annual Individual Handicap Bowling Tournament of 1965
• Denise McCluggage
• Kathrine Switzer
• Constance Applebee
• Kathryn “Kathy” Kusner
• Gertrude Ederle
• Gladys Heldman
• Debi Thomas
• Diana Nyad
• Dick, Kerr’s Ladies FC
• Kay Yow
• Margaret Degidio “Digit” Murphy
• Cathy Rush/Immaculata College
• Edith Houghton
• Isabel Letham
• Earlene Brown
• Enriqueta Basilio
• Junko Tabei
• Donna de Varona
• Janet Guthrie
• Edith Green
• Dorothy Wise
• Joyce Walker
• Jutta Kleinschmidt
• Emma Gatewood
• Keiko Fukuda
• Kim Gilbert
• Elspeth Beard
• Laura Thornhill and Lacey Baker in Conversation
• Evonne Goolagong Cawley
• Kim and Sylvia Green
• Kitty O’Neil
• Eleanor Holm Jarrett
• Florence Arthaud
• Melissa Ludtke
• Fanny Bullock Workman
• Margaret McGregor
• Helme Suuk
• Florence Leontine “Pancho” Barnes
• Lynn Hill
• Joan Whitney Payson
• Jackie Tonawanda
• Korean Deep Sea Divers
• Janet Collins
• Margo Oberg
• Gretchen Fraser
• Miriam “Lady Tyger” Trimiar
• Joan Weston
• Lisa Olson
• Robyn Smith, Barbara Ader, and Brenda Wilson
• Jean Balukas
• Joe Carstairs
• Eunice Kennedy Shriver
• Nawal El Moutawakel
• Lavonne “Pepper” Paire-Davis
• Manon Rhéaume
• Kinue Hitomi
• Cari Champion and Pam Oliver in Conversation
• Mary McGee
• Surya Bonaly
• Lorraine Williams
• Louise Stokes and Tidye Pickett
• Molly Bolin Kazmer
• Neroli Fairhall
• Marilyn Neufville
• Peggy Oki
• Nan Aspinwall
• Marilyn Bell
• Susan Butcher
• Renée Richards
• Libby Riddles
• Shirley Muldowney
• Linda Jefferson
• Nurses Softball Team
• Nadia Comaneci
• Ora Washington
• Sheryl Swoopes / Nike Air Swoopes
• Pat Laursen
• Olga Korbut
• Pat Summitt
• Patti McGee
• ‘womenSports’ Magazine
• Ruberta Mitchell
• Zola Budd
• Shawna Robinson
• Stella Walsh
• Wilma Rudolph
• Toni Stone
• Trudy Beck
• Maribel Owen, Laurence Owen, Maribel Vinson-Owen
• Penny Pitou
• Shirley and Sharon Firth
• Wyomia Tyus
• Rica Reinisch
• Robin Herman
• Tennessee Tigerbelles
• Wayland Baptist Flying Queens
• 1976 Yale Crew Team
• Rusty Kanokogi
• Violet Palmer
• Wake-Robin Golf Club
• Kim Cespedes
• Rhythm in Orange
• Acknowledgments
• About Molly Schiot
• Notes
• Photo Credits
• Copyright