War upon the Land

Military Strategy and the Transformation of Southern Landscapes during the American Civil War

Lisa Brady, Paul Sutter

• Publisher: University of Georgia Press
• Year: 2012
• Print ISBN: 9780820342498, 9780820329857
• eBook ISBN: 9780820343839
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: American Civil War History
• Index: History

In this first book-length environmental history of the American Civil War, Lisa M. Brady argues that ideas about nature and the environment were central to the development and success of Union military strategy.

From the start of the war, both sides had to contend with forces of nature, even as they battled one another. Northern soldiers encountered unfamiliar landscapes in the South that suggested, to them, an uncivilized society's failure to control nature. Under the leadership of Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Philip Sheridan, the Union army increasingly targeted southern environments as the war dragged on. Whether digging canals, shooting livestock, or dramatically attempting to divert the Mississippi River, the Union aimed to assert mastery over nature by attacking the most potent aspect of southern identity and power—agriculture. Brady focuses on the siege of Vicksburg, the 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaign, marches through Georgia and the Carolinas, and events along the Mississippi River to examine this strategy and its devastating physical and psychological impact.

Before the war, many Americans believed in the idea that nature must be conquered and subdued. Brady shows how this perception changed during the war, leading to a wider acceptance of wilderness. Connecting environmental trauma with the onset of American preservation, Brady pays particular attention to how these new ideas of wilderness can be seen in the creation of national battlefield memorial parks as unaltered spaces. Deftly combining environmental and military history with cultural studies, War upon the Land elucidates an intriguing, largely unexplored side of the nation's greatest conflict.

INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to figures.

Aedes aegypti mosquito, 29–30

African Americans, 4, 5, 19, 98, 113

impressed by Union army as laborers, 33, 69, 98. See also slavery

agriculture: as metaphor for destruction, 3, 124

northern, 17–18

southern, 18–22, 116, 134. See also agroecosystems

plantation system

agroecosystems: and cultural identity, 17–19

defined, 9–10

destruction of southern, 134

in Georgia and Carolinas, 93, 96, 98, 101–3, 107, 111, 114, 121, 124–26

as hybrid landscape, 10

and Lower Mississippi Valley, 27–28, 42, 70, 71

new southern postwar, 132–34

northern versus southern, 17–21

plantations as, 10, 21–22, 28, 125–26

and Shenandoah Valley, 73, 78, 87

and Special Field Orders No. 120, 96–98, 101, 114

as symbol of Confederacy, 125–26

and Union strategy, 11–13, 21–23, 42, 55–57, 69–71, 72–73, 78–82, 84, 87, 89, 93, 99, 107, 111, 121

and Vicksburg campaign, 23, 55–57, 70. See also chevauchées; plantation system

Aldridge, Elizabeth, 135

Aldridge, Francis, 135–36

Allegheny Mountains, 72, 74, 77, 79, 90

Anderson, Virginia DeJohn, 19

Andrews, Eliza, 124, 125, 156n145

Anopheles mosquito, 29–30, 46–47

Appomattox Court House, 133

“arcadian” tradition (ecological view of nature), 16–17

Army of Northern Virginia (Confederate), 71, 78, 79, 120

Army of the Potomac (Union), 71, 79, 83

Army of the Shenandoah (Union), 79, 85–86, 91

Army of the Tennessee (Union), 51, 52–53, 59, 64, 67, 70

Army of the Valley (Confederate), 76–77, 79–80, 81, 82–83, 83...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• List of Illustrations
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction Nineteenth-Century Ideas of Nature and Their Role in Civil War Strategy
• One Hostile Territory: Union Operations along the Lower Mississippi, 1862—1863
• Two Broken Country: Union Campaigns at and around Vicksburg, 1863
• Three Ravaged Ground: Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, 1864
• Four Devoured Land: Sherman’s Georgia and Carolina Campaigns, 1864—1865
• Conclusion Making a Desert and Calling It Peace
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index