Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Characterization

Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur, Michael R. Kessler, Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur, Michael R. Kessler

• Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9781119224303
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Tecnologia e ingegneria
• Subtopic: Ingegneria chimica e biochimica

The Handbook of Composites From Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The handbook covers a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. Together, the 8 volumes total at least 5000 pages and offers a unique publication.

This 3rd volume of the Handbook is solely focused on the Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of renewable materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: structural and biodegradation characterization of supramolecular PCL/HAP nano-composites; different characterization of solid bio-fillers based agricultural waste material; poly (ethylene-terephthalate) reinforced with hemp fibers; poly (lactic acid) thermoplastic composites from renewable materials; chitosan –based composite materials: fabrication and characterization; the use of flax fiber reinforced polymer (FFRP) composites in the externally reinforced structures for seismic retrofitting monitored by transient thermography and optical techniques; recycling and reuse of fiber reinforced polymer wastes in concrete composite materials; analysis of damage in hybrid composites subjected to ballistic impacts; biofiber reinforced acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) biocomposites; biopolyamides and high performance natural fiber-reinforced biocomposites; impact of recycling on the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of wood fiber based HDPE and PLA composites; lignocellulosic fibers composites: an overview; biodiesel derived raw glycerol to value added products; thermo-mechanical characterization of sustainable structural composites; novel pH sensitive composite hydrogel based on functionalized starch/clay for the controlled release of amoxicillin; preparation and characterization of biobased thermoset polymers from renewable resources; influence of natural fillers size and shape into mechanical and barrier properties of biocomposites; composite of biodegradable polymer blends of PCL/PLLA and coconut fiber - the effects of ionizing radiation; packaging composite materials from renewable resources; physicochemical properties of ash based geopolymer concrete; a biopolymer derived from castor oil polyurethane; natural polymer based biomaterials; physical and mechanical properties of polymer membranes from renewable resources

Chapter 1
Structural and Biodegradation Characterization of Supramolecular PCL/HAp Nanocomposites for Application in Tissue Engineering

Parvin Shokrollahi*, Fateme Shokrolahi and Parinaz Hassanzadeh

Department of Biomaterials, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran

^*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Conversion of agricultural wastes into biomaterials has been known as a strategy that transforms wastes into high value products. Among different resources of hydroxyapatite (HAp, a major component of bone and teeth), pig bone and teeth, rice bran, cockle shells, and eggshell have received increasingly rising consideration. In this chapter a quick review of agricultural resources of hydroxyapatite is provided. Next, the application of hydroxyapatite in bone tissuce regeneration is discussed. It is shown that in addition to the conventional composite preparation strategies, hydroxyapatite may play a role in advanced materials design and in particular supramolecular nano-composites. Impact of supramolecularly modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (SP HAp) on biological activity and mechanical properties of supramolecular polycaprolactone (SP PCL) is discussed. Mechanical measurements on the SP HAp as prepared and the PBS incubated samples verified that formation of PCL clusters around SP HAp slows down the sharp modulus raise and postpones early stage breakage.

Keywords: Supramolecular nano-composite, tissue engineering, renewable resource, hydroxyapatite, polyacprolactone, biodegradation, mechanical properties, biological activity

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Hydroxyapatite: A Bioceramic of Renewable Resource

Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂); Figure 1.1) is the main inorganic crystalline component of animals’ hard tissues including bones and teeth. HAp crystals of bone are generally in the form of needle-like crystals of 5–20 nm in width and 60 nm in length.

Figure 1.1 Crystalline structure of hydroxyapatite.

Hydroxyapatite is well known for hard (bone and teeth) and soft (skin, muscle, and gums) tissues compatibility and has found widespread applications in orthopedic and dental implants as well as hard tissue-engineering scaffolds. Therefore, synthesis and preparation of this bioceramic became the subject of numerous researches either from biological resources (coral, natural bone, etc.), or taking a chemical synthesis approach (Gshalaev & Demirchan 2012). Among the most studied biological resources of hydroxyapatite are pig bone and teeth (generally animals’ bone and teeth), rice bran, cockle shells, and eggshell. As an example of HAp preparation from agricultural resources, Fumiaki Yamada et al. have synthesized 200 nm spherical HAp particles from oilless rice bran in two steps. In the first step, the oil less rice bran underwent an acid treatment and then was reacted with calcium salts to yield calcium phytate, which was then calcified, in the second step, at 1000 °C (Yamada 1988). Cockle shells is used as a source of calcium (in the form of calcium carbonate), for hydroxyapatite synthesis, as part of attempts to replace the current synthetic chemistry with clean chemistry (Islam et al. 2013; Lu et al. 2015). In effort to convert the municipal waste stream into materials with added value, eggshell is used as a source of HAp precursor and attracted increasing attention. HAp synthesis strategies from eggshells include heat treatment (Wu et al. 2015, Kamalanathan et al. 2014), hydrothermal (Wu et al. 2013), sol–gel combustion (Choudhary et al. 2015), microwave conversion (Kumar et al. 2012) and precipitation (Goloshchapov et al. 2013). It might be due to this great potential of being used as a source of HAp that eggshell is called “eggshell biomaterial” (Balaz et al. 2015). Also, pigs, bovines, and fish bones as well as pigs’ teeth are of main resources of HAp synthesis (Ayatollahi et al. 2015; Mucalo et al. 2015; Piccirillo et al. 2014).

1.2 Biomedical Applications of HAp

Since the concept of tissue engineering was introduced first (Langer et al. 1993), there has been a growing interest in the design of appropriate materials as pure polymers or in the form of blends and composites with bioceramics scaffold materials. Bioceramics are the materials of choice for skeletal repair and reconstruction. Bioceramics, including alumina, zirconia, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphates (TCPs), and bioactive glasses, have made significant contribution to the observed improvement in the quality of human life (Dottore et al. 2014).

Among all of the above-mentioned bioceramics, calcium phosphates and hydroxyapatite, in particular, have been used to repair damaged parts of the musculoskeletal system mainly be...