Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives

Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9781118970546
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Mechanical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

The latest developments in the field of hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicles provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, which include purely electric, hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric, and off-road hybrid vehicular systems. It focuses on the power and propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Other topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, HEV system architecture (including plug-in & charging control and hydraulic), off-road and other industrial utility vehicles, safety and EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition with four new chapters covering recent advances in hybrid vehicle technology. New areas covered include battery modelling, charger design, and wireless charging. Substantial details have also been included on the architecture of hybrid excavators in the chapter related to special hybrid vehicles.Also included is a chapter providing an overview of hybrid vehicle technology, which offers a perspective on the current debate on sustainability and the environmental impact of hybrid and electric vehicle technology.

• Completely updated with new chapters
• Covers recent developments, breakthroughs, and technologies, including new drive topologies
• Explains HEV fundamentals and applications
• Offers a holistic perspective on vehicle electrification

Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives, Second Edition is a great resource for researchers and practitioners in the automotive industry, as well as for graduate students in automotive engineering.

1
Introduction

Modern society relies heavily on fossil fuel based transportation for economic and social development – freely moving goods and people. There are about 800 million cars in the world and about 260 million motor vehicles on the road in the United States in 2014 according to the US Department of Transportation’s estimate [1]. In 2009, China overtook the United States to become the world’s largest auto maker and auto market, with output and sales respectively hitting 13.79 and 13.64 million units in that year [2]. With further urbanization, industrialization, and globalization, the trend of rapid increase in the number of personal automobiles worldwide is inevitable. The issues related to this trend become evident because transportation relies heavily on oil. Not only are the oil resources on Earth limited, but also the emissions from burning oil products have led to climate change, poor urban air quality, and political conflict. Thus, global energy system and environmental problems have emerged, which can be attributed to a large extent to personal transportation.

Personal transportation offers people the freedom to go wherever and whenever they want. However, this freedom of choice creates a conflict, leading to growing concerns about the environment and concerns about the sustainability of human use of natural resources.

First, the world faces a serious challenge in energy demand and supply. The world consumes approximately 85 million barrels of oil every day but there are only 1300 billion barrels of proven reserves of oil. At the current rate of consumption, the world will run out of oil in 40 years [3]. New discoveries of oil reserves are at a slower pace than the increase in demand. Of the oil consumed, 60% is used for transportation [4]. The United States consumes approximately 25% of the world’s total oil [5]. Reducing oil consumption in the personal transportation sector is essential for achieving energy and environmental sustainability.

Second, the world faces a great challenge from global climate change. The emissions from burning fossil fuels increase the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (also referred to as greenhouse gas or GHG emissions) in the Earth’s atmosphere. The increase in CO₂ concentration leads to excessive heat being captured on the Earth’s surface, which leads to a global temperature increase and extreme weather conditions in many parts of the world. The long‐term consequences of global warming can lead to rising sea levels and instability of ecosystems.

Gasoline and diesel powered vehicles are among the major contributors to CO₂ emissions. In addition, there are other emissions from conventional fossil fuel powered vehicles, including carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO₂, or NO_X) from burning gasoline, hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from evaporated, unburned fuel, and sulfur oxide and particulate matter (soot) from burning diesel fuel. These emissions cause air pollution and ultimately affect human and animal health.

Th...