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British Interior House Styles
An Easy Reference Guide
Trevor Yorke
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eBook - ePub
British Interior House Styles
An Easy Reference Guide
Trevor Yorke
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Here is a compact and easy reference guide, filled with original drawings and diagrams in full colour, which detail the changing uses of space within houses over the centuries. The book shows developments in fashion, decoration, and furniture within different rooms and how these have steadily evolved with the passage of time. The book covers an immense range of interior styles from 1500 to 1960. In addition, there is a glossary of terms and a historical time chart. The book will prove invaluable to those who visit period homes and, at the same time, will give useful pointers to those planning to restore their own home in a particular period style.
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Thema
ArchitekturChapter
Tudor and Jacobean Styles
1500–1660
Our journey through the history of English house interiors begins some 500 years ago when Henry VIII had recently ascended the throne. Over the following century and a half, up to the end of the Commonwealth in 1660, our domestic surroundings had begun a transformation from one based around a communal open hall to an arrangement of private rooms separated from the owner’s household. This key change was already underway at gentry level when we join the story and was still taking place lower down the social scale at the end of this period. A key element was the adoption of the fireplace and chimney set in a side wall, as opposed to the previous variety of arrangements where the hearth was within the body of the room. This change enabled a floor to be inserted above the old open hall, usually forming a great chamber in the largest houses where the family could take their meals and entertain guests; while the household who had formerly shared this daily routine were now relegated to the old hall below. In the smaller homes of the merchant or yeoman farmer this two-storey plan, with bedrooms above a living room and parlour, was widely adopted; in some wealthy areas like the wool rich Suffolk towns, this happened from the beginning of this period, whilst elsewhere it became common from the later 1500s as rising incomes sparked a ‘Great Rebuilding’ of houses.
The interior of Early Tudor houses was very much a continuation of late medieval themes, with little concern for the overall form of the room, and style being limited to decorative elements like tapestries. This was a time when the gentry regularly moved from one property to another, taking not only chests full of belongings but also removing the windows and taking these with them too. Glass was still a luxury product at this time and windows only became fixed from 1579 onwards. During this period, however, the Renaissance on the Continent began to influence our Gothic isle and houses at the top end of the market began to have symmetrical façades and rooms behind to match. Stair cases which had been little more than ladders to access upper rooms in the medieval period now became a more impressive feature of the house, although they were usually enclosed in a tower or to the side of the building. The exposed beams of the floor above began to be covered over and patterned ceilings formed in plaster. Walls, doorways and furniture could now be covered with patterns copied from illustrations of the latest Classical styles (often from the Protestant Netherlands), as columns, capitals and pediments began replacing the pointed arch as the key decorative components for the next 300 years. At this date masons and carpenters applied these details with little knowledge of the rules of Classical architecture so they can appear as rather clumsy, with deeply carved masses of detail, especially in the Elizabethan period (1559–1603).
In the more modest middle-class home this transition took longer and, although owners did copy the fashions set by their social superiors, they were often adapted by local craftsmen into regional styles. Most farmhouses generally had ceilings which were beamed; walls panelled in the finest rooms or painted with decorative scenes, patterns or scripts; floors covered with rushes to gather up the dirt; and with an inglenook fireplace as the focal point of the living room and parlour. The houses of the wealthier merchant or farmer by the end of this period could have featured plastered ceilings, more extensive panelling and furniture carved in the latest Classical styles. One point worth making is that despite the rather plain appearance today of Tudor and Jacobean homes, they originally would have been more colourful places; the black and white treatment is a later Victorian interpretation.