NOTES
INTRODUCTION Constructing the Health Care Crisis
1. Robin Toner, âPoll Says Public Favors Changes in Health Policy,â New York Times, April 6, 1993, A1; Timothy Johnson, âTown with a Heart: Small Town Fights Health Care Crisis,â 20/20, December 26, 2003.
2. See Bruce Kuklick, The Good Ruler: From Herbert Hoover to Richard Nixon; Thomas Langston, With Reverence and Contempt; Daniel T. Rodgers, Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence; and Rita Charon, âNarrative Medicine: A Model for Empathy, Reflection, Profession, and Trust,â 1898.
3. Robert Alford, âThe Political Economy of Health Care: Dynamics Without Changeâ; Godfrey Hodgson, âThe Politics of America Health Care: What Is It Costing You?â; Stephen Shortell and Walter McNerney, âCriteria and Guidelines for Reforming the U.S. Health Care System.â
4. Cindy Jajich-Toth and Burns W. Roper, âAmericans' Views on Health Care: A Study in Contradictionsâ; Robert J. Blendon et al., âAmericans' Health Priorities: Curing Cancer and Controlling Costsâ; Jon Gabel, Howard Cohen, and Steven Fink, âAmericans' Views on Health Care: Foolish Inconsistencies?â; ABC News/Kaiser Family Foundation/USA Today, Health Care in America 2006 Survey Chartpack; Robert J. Blendon and John Benson, âUnderstanding How Americans View Health Care Reformâ; Everett Carl Ladd, âThe Congress Problemâ; Lawrence Brown, âComparing Health Systems in Four Countries: Lessons for the United States,â 55.
5. Joel Best, Random Violence: How We Talk About New Crimes and New Victims.
6. James A. Morone, âNativism, Hollow Corporations, and Managed Competition: Why the Clinton Health Care Reform Failed,â 391.
7. P. M. S. Hacker, Wittgenstein, 9.
8. âThe Real Health Issue,â New York Times, June 25, 1974, 36; Linda Disch, âPublicity-Stunt Participation and Sound Bite Polemics: The Health Care Debate, 1993â94,â 7; Daniel Yankelovich, âThe Debate That Wasn't: The Public and the Clinton Health Care Planâ; William Glaberson, âStruggling to Bring the Health-Care Debate Home to Readers,â New York Times, May 25, 1993, A2; Theodore R. Marmor, âA Summer of Discontent: Press Coverage of Murder and Medical Care Reform,â 499.
9. Kathy Kiely and John Fritze, âPassions Flare Up at Health Care Forums,â USA Today, August 10, 2009, A4; Bob Beckel and Cal Thomas, âHow to Break Up Town Brawls,â USA Today, August 20, 2009, A11; Bill Lambrecht, âTempers Run High at Forums on Reform of Health Care,â Providence Sunday Journal, August 9, 2009, C12; Nancy Pelosi and Steny Hoyer, ââUn-Americanâ Attacks Can't Derail Health Care Debate,â USA Today, August 10, 2009, A7; âDishonest Debate Mars Bid to Overhaul Health Care,â USA Today, July 31, 2009, A10.
10. Murray Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics.
11. Charon, âNarrative Medicine,â 1897.
12. Beatrix Hoffman, The Wages of Sickness; Robert B. Hackey, âSymbolic Politics and Health Care Reform in the 1940s and 1990sâ; âText of President's Message to Congress Advocating Passage of Medical Care Bill,â New York Times, February 28, 1962, 16.
13. Richard M. Nixon, âRemarks at a Briefing on the Nation's Health System.â
14. Hodgson, âPolitics of America Health Careâ; William L. Kissick, âHealth Policy Directions for the 1970s,â 1343; David Kotelchuck, âThe Health Status of Americans,â 5.
15. Kuklick, Good Ruler, 30.
16. John Edwards, âPress Release: Edwards Announces Plan for Universal Health Careâ; John McCain, âText of McCain Speech on Health Care,â Wall Street Journal, October 11, 2007.
17. Harold M. Schmeck, âA Plan to Insure Health Care for All,â New York Times, July 12, 1970, E5; Harry Smith and Lester Holt, âThe Health Care Crisis in Chicago,â CBS This Morning, July 10, 1990. See also David C. Colby and Timothy Cook, âEpidemics and Agendas: The Politics of Nightly News Coverage of AIDS.â
18. John M. Broder, Robert Pear, and Milt Freudenheim, âProblem of Lost Health Benefits Is Reaching into the Middle Class,â New York Times, November 25, 2002, A1; âThe No. 1 Worry,â Des Moines Register, October 12, 2004; âHealth Care Reform: A Pill Too Bitter for U.S. to Swallow,â USA Today, October 17, 2006, 17.
19. Joseph Turow and Rachel Gans, As Seen on TV: Health Policy Issues in TV's Medical Dramas; Allison Waldman, âDramas Deliver Medical Messages: Fiction Programming Can Create Awareness of Health Care, Diseasesâ; Victoria Rideout, Television as a Health Educator: A Case Study of âGrey's Anatomyâ; Candace Cummins Gauthier, âTelevision Drama and Popular Film as Medical Narrativeâ; Mollyann Brodie et al., âCommunicating Health Information Through the Entertainment Media.â
20. David Denby, âCalculating Rhythm,â 90.
21. This episode first aired during season 2 of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition (episode 20, âThe Harvey Familyâ) on April 24, 2005. For an episode summary, see http://abc.go.com/shows/extreme-makeover-home-edition/episode-detail/harvey-family/68111 (accessed December 23, 2011).
22. Deborah Stone and Theodore Marmor, âIntroduction,â 255; Shortell and McNerney, âCriteria and Guidelines,â 463.
23. Patricia Roberts-Miller, âDemocracy, Demagoguery, and Critical Rhetoric,â 459; Lawrence R. Jacobs, âHealth Reform Impasse: The Politics of American Ambivalence Toward Government,â 643.
ONE The Rhetoric of Health Care Reform
1. Virginia Woolf, âMr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown.â
2. â50% More Doctors Urged by Parran,â New York Times, October 10, 1947, 29.
3. âText of President's Message to Congress Advocating Passage of Medical Care Bill,â New York Times, February 28, 1962, 16.
4. Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time, 6, 464.
5. â60,995,000 Listed in Hospital Plans,â New York Times, August 18, 1949, 23; â50% More Doctors Urged by Parranâ; â121,000,000 in U.S. Now Carry Insurance Against Cost of Hospital and Doctor Bills,â New York Times, January 12, 1959, 93.
6. âJohnson's Special Message to Congress Outlining Broad National Health Program,â New York Times, January 8, 1965, 16.
7. Quoted in Kuklick, Good Ruler, 139.
8. Donald Light, âSociological Perspectives on Competition in Health Care,â 969.
9. Hodgson, America in Our Time, 3; Rick Perlstein, Nixonland; Hodgson, America in Our Time, 15 (emphasis in the original).
10. Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements, 40.
11. Burton Klein, âThe Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome.â
12. Robert P. Hart et al., Political Keywords: Using Language That Uses Us, 5; Murray Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle, 31; Ronald Rotunda, The Politics of Language, 9. In Nixonland, Perlstein uses Nixon's ascendance to the presidency and his troubled terms in office as a lens to understand the social, economic, and cultural changes in America during the 1960s and 1970s.
13. Hart et al., Political Keywords, 1; Leslie Stahl, âNursing Shortage,â 60 Minutes, June 9, 2002.
14. Roderick P. Hart and Susan Daughton, Modern Rhetorical Criticism, 155â57.
15. Rebecca Klatch, âOf Meanings and Masters: Political Symbolism and Symbolic Action,â 138, 145.
16. Harold M. Schmeck, âWhat the Government Can and Cannot Do,â New York Times, July 13, 1969, E6; âClinton's Health Plan: Taking His Message to Congress,â New York Times, September 23, 1993, A25; John Kerry, âHealth Care for All Americans.â
17. Dan Rather, âPart 1: Your Money or Your Life,â 48 Hours, May 26, 1993.
18. Hart et al., Political Keywords; Robin Toner and Sheryl Gay Stolberg, âDecade After Health Care Crisis, Soaring Costs Bring New Strains,â New York Times, August 11, 2002; Mike Allen and Amy Goldstein, âBush Urges Malpractice Damage Limits; Plan Includes Goals Sought by Business,â Washington Post, July 26, 2002, A4; Kelly O'Donnell, âCalifornia May Have Found the Solution to Stabilizing Medical Malpractice Insurance Premiums,â NBC Nightly News, January 3, 2003.
19. Matt Lauer, Today, August 7, 2003; Katherine S. Mangan, âThe Malpractice Menace.â
20. Langston, With Reverence and Contempt, 4; Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle, 31.
21. This de...