Teaching Towards Green Schools

Transforming K–12 Education through Sustainable Practices

Linda H. Plevyak

• Verlag: Routledge
• Jahr: 2022
• ISBN:
  9781000603569
• Auflage: 1
• Thema: Education
• Thema: Teaching Science & Technology

This engaging and timely book showcases practical ways that PreK–12 teachers and school leaders can create and implement sustainability-focused projects and practices in their classrooms and schools, helping promote a healthy, sustainable environment and curriculum for students and leading the way towards becoming a green school.

Sharing real-world case studies and detailed walk-throughs of sustainable schools in action – from Madison, Alabama, to Bali, Indonesia – author Linda H. Plevyak lays out the benefits, principles and practices of creating a sustainable school from beginner classroom projects like creating a garden, recycling and composting to more complex and school-wide initiatives like energy audits, creating an environmental management system, engaging with policy and building and leveraging community partnerships. Plevyak highlights sustainable practices that can be developed with little to no budget and focuses on those that support the development of critical thinking skills, promote project-based learning and consider the environment as a learning tool, incorporating sustainability as a natural progression of the learning process.

The book outlines extensive resources teachers and schools can use to embed sustainability in their programs and curriculum, offering teachers, school leaders and policy makers the tools they need to provide this generation of students with the knowledge and skills to create a more sustainable world.

1Introduction to Green Schools

DOI: 10.4324/9781003164524-1

“I don’t want to protect the environment. I want to create a world where the environment does not need protecting.”

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What do you imagine when you think of a green school? Is there a lot of natural light, plenty of warm paint tones, solar panels on the roof and classrooms with hydroponic plants and a farm-to-table cafeteria? These schools exist and are likely even more amazing than what you imagined. One such place, North Park School for Innovation in Columbia Heights, MN captures all parking lot and playground runoff in rain gardens populated with native pollinator plants. They have also planted hundreds of trees, bushes and pollinating plants throughout the school’s property and recently acquired a biodigester to turn their food scraps, milk cartons and paper towels into compost for their garden and plants.

Chapter Objectives

• Discuss the evolution of green schools.
• Focus on historical aspects of environmental education (EE), sustainability and their connection to green schools.

Green School Movement

Approximately 56.4 million students spend five days a week in a school building (National Center for Education Statistics, 2020). If you add public school employees, including teachers and staff members (6.7 million), there are 63.1 million people working or learning in U.S. K–12 schools, which equates to almost 20% of the U.S. population (IBISWorld, 2020; National Center for Education Statistics, 2020). It makes sense that schools should be a place that focuses on the social, emotional and physical health of those who spend their days there.

The green school movement has gained popularity as climate change and compounding research suggest that the overuse of natural resources and global warming are requiring a rethinking in how we live. As of 2019, approximately 9%–12% of schools in the United States have some type of green school program, and “more one third of all K–12 schools use outdoor gardens, natural classrooms and onsite habitats as part of their educational approach” (Coyle, 2020, p. 385). Eco-Schools, the largest global sustainable school program, has registered green schools in 77 countries, involving over 59,000 schools across the world (1994). Approximately 60% of K–12 schools in Hong Kong belong to a national Green School Network called Green Power, which focuses on developing environmentally focused curriculum, eco-monitoring, waste reduction and recycling. In the U.S., there are 300 sustainability coordinators that work in medium and large K–12 school districts (P. Beierle, personal communication, March 25, 2021), with a 15%–20% per year growth. To achieve a greater number of schools identifying as a “green school,” an understanding of how to navigate terminology, finding appropriate resources and clarifying goals are needed.

The Emergence of Green Schools

Over the last 40–50 years, educational initiatives have sought to establish a new paradigm for PreK–12 schools that goes beyond the traditional classroom through projects that emphasize “learning beyond the classroom, reorienting school infrastructure” and engaging learners (Tilbury & Wortman, 2005, p. 22). One of those initiatives is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which have established a blueprint for how to “tackle climate change and work to preserve our oceans and forests” (UN, 2021, para. 1). The 17 SDGs, which were put into practice in January 2016 and were established as part of Agenda 2030 by the UN General Assembly, focus on the following:

Vienna International School, Vienna, Austria Promoting SDGs

Over the past four years, Vienna International School (VIS), integrated the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into their curriculum. VIS has a certified ESD-School coordinator who is also a Global Schools Advocate that has embedded a sustainability strand in the science curriculum and promotes the social, economic and political aspects of the SDGs into all aspects of the schools community. Teachers are also trained in how to integrate EE concepts into all subject areas.

• Poverty eradication. Poverty reduction is inextricably linked to health and sustainable development.
• Sustainable consumption and production.
• Governance.
• Urban development.
• Environmental sustainability (UN, 2021).

Various organizations have taken the call from the UN to incorporate the SDGs into their own mission and vision. For example, Eco-Schools, which was established by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), a non-governmental, non-profit organization, has eight Educational Principles that guide their work in environmental education and sustainability:

1. Ensure that participants are engaged in the learning/teaching process
2. Empower participants to take informed decisions and actions on real life sustainability issues
3. Encourage participants to work together actively and involve their communities in collaborative solutions
4. Support participants to examine their assumptions, knowledge, and experiences, in order to develop critical thinking, and to be open to change
5. Encourage participants to be aware of cultural practices as an integral part of sustainability issues
6. Encourage participants to share inspirational stories of their achievements, failures, and values, to learn from them, and to support each other
7. Continuously explore, test, and share innovative approaches, methodologies, and techniques
8. Ensure that continuous improvements through monitoring and evaluation are central to our programs (FEE, 2001, para. 1).

Eco-Schools also has a Seven Step process that requires schools to focus on “environmental, climate and sustainability issues,” (FEE, 2001, para. 8). See Figure 1.1 and Chapter 3 for a more detailed approach to developing a green school.

After schools complete the Seven Step process, they can apply for the Green Flag Award, though that is usually after two years of program implementation. Schools can continue to achieve up to four Green Flags, at which point they are considered a permanent Eco-School. This achievement means that sustainability has been integrated into all aspects of the school’s culture. Between 2011 and 2019, there were 141 U.S. schools that had achieved the highest honor of four green flags.

Another organization that connects to the UN SDGs and promotes sustainability in schools is the Global Environmental Education Partnership (GEEP). Established in 2014, the GEEP’s mission is to “create a vibrant and inclusive learning network designed to build capacity in countries around the world to strengthen environmental education leading to a more sustainable future” (para. 1). Using environmental education and citizen engagement as the foundation, the GEEP organization strives to focus on the following:

• Professional development
• Globalization of environmental education standards guidelines
• Legislation and national-level policies that support environmental education
• Access to effective and promising practices
• Research and evaluation
• How environmental education can best address key issues, such as climate change, water shortages, and loss of biodiversity (2021)

FIGURE 1.1 Eco-Schools seven-step processCREDIT Eco-Schools, Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE) www.fee.global

Taiwan, one of the original partners of the GEEP organization, established the Taiwan EE Act (TEEA) in 2011 (TEEA, 2011). The TEEA goal is “for people to understand their ethical relationship with the environment, as well as to improve environmental knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values” (GEEP, 2021, para. 2), and requires that, “all students and any staff in government and business engage in 4 hours of government funded environmental education curriculum each year” (GEEP, 2021, para. 1).

The U.S. has also provided leadership in developing and supporting green schools. In 2011, numerous non-profit organizations, including the Center for Green Schools, the National Wildlife Federation and the Campaign for Environmental Literacy, came together to request the U.S. Department of Education, “honor schools for their sustainable facilities, health practices, and effective environmental education” (2021, para. 1). The Green Ribbon School award (ED-GRS) was created from this petition, and through 2021, the U.S Department of Education has recognized 489 PreK–12 schools, 92 school districts (started in 2013) and 54 postsecondary institutions (started in 2015). With 98,300 public schools and 34,576 private schools in the U.S., less than 1% of these schools have achieved the ED-GRS award (NCES, 2020), with approximately 20 states not submitting ED-GRS applications. The ED-GRS is a recognition award only; the schools do not receive any ED funding. Also, ED-GRS schools are not certified, though some U.S. states may connect the ED-GRS to existing state-based certification programs (2020). To further engage schools, Green Strides was created as the outreach arm of the ED-GRS award, with webinars, videos and resources that highlight a connection to the environment, sustainability, reducing environmental impact and health and wellness (2013).

Green schools are relatively new; their historical background dates back only a few decades. The establishment of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1993 and the launching of Eco-Schools in 1994 by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEEE) in Europe were impactful in the development of green schools (Iwan & Rao, 2017). In 2000, the USGBC created the Center for Green Schools (CGS), and the FEEE became a global non-governmental organization (NGO) in 2001 and simplified its acronym to FEE.

Importantly, major public school districts such as Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Fairfax County, Houston, Philadelphia, and New York City are using Eco Schools to encourage students to participate in implementing sustainability goals by conducting energy audits, tracking recycling performance, planting trees and gardens for climate mitigation and more. The fact that NWF Eco Schools U.S.A. is part of an international network of Eco Schools also helps connect these schools with green schools in other nations. (Coyle, 2020, p. 397)

As of 2019, Eco-Schools has nearly 20 million students participating in their programs in over 55,000 schools and 68 nations (National Wildlife Federation).

Connection to Environmental Education and Sustainability

The green school movement has been evolving for the last couple of decades, with the field of environmental education (EE) being considered a foundation to the movement. EE focuses on “how people and nature can exist in productive harmony” (NAAEE, n.d., para. 3). The U.S. Environm...