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Hebrews
George H. Guthrie
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Hebrews
George H. Guthrie
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The NIV Application Commentary helps you communicate and apply biblical text effectively in today's context.
To bring the ancient messages of the Bible into today's world, each passage is treated in three sections:
- Original Meaning. Concise exegesis to help readers understand the original meaning of the biblical text in its historical, literary, and cultural context.
- Bridging Contexts. A bridge between the world of the Bible and the world of today, built by discerning what is timeless in the timely pages of the Bible.
- Contemporary Significance. This section identifies comparable situations to those faced in the Bible and explores relevant application of the biblical messages. The author alerts the readers of problems they may encounter when seeking to apply the passage and helps them think through the issues involved.
This unique, award-winning commentary is the ideal resource for today's preachers, teachers, and serious students of the Bible, giving them the tools, ideas, and insights they need to communicate God's Word with the same powerful impact it had when it was first written.
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Biblische StudienText and Commentary on Hebrews
Hebrews 1:1â4
IN THE PAST God spoke to our forefathers through the prophets at many times and in various ways, 2but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, and through whom he made the universe. 3The Son is the radiance of Godâs glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven. 4So he became as much superior to the angels as the name he has inherited is superior to theirs.
Original Meaning
BECAUSE HEBREWS BEGINS like a sermon,1 without any mention of sender, addressees, or words of greeting, the author opens with a majestic overture, rhetorically eloquent and theologically packed. This beautifully constructed opening statement begins by contrasting the revelation given under the older testament economy with that given under the new. This contrast focuses on and climaxes in the person of Godâs Sonâheir, agent of creation, sustainer of the universe, Savior, and sovereignâwho now sits at the right hand of God.
Although most translations, including the NIV , present this introduction in several sentences, Hebrews 1:1â4 in Greek forms a single, multiclause sentence, built around the main clause âGod ⊠has spoken.â2 Thus God and his communication to humanity through the Son engage the authorâs attention from the first. These beautifully crafted verses fall into two main subdivisions, the first addressing divine revelation (1:1â2a) and the second the person, work, and status of Godâs Son (1:2bâ4).
The Climax of Divine Communication (1:1â2a)
THE AUTHOR BEGINS by presenting divine revelation in parallel contrasts between the âolderâ communication during the time of the prophets and the ânewerâ communication through the Son. He contrasts four areas: the era of the revelation, the recipients, the agents, and the ways in which the revelation was manifested.
Older Communication | Newer Communication | |
Era | in the past | in these last days |
Recipients | to our forefathers | to us |
Agents | through the prophets | by his Son |
Ways | in various ways | in one way (implied) |
The eras mentioned contrast two time frames. The time âin the pastâ (or âformerlyâ) refers to the time prior to the coming of Messiah, and correspondingly, the coming time was seen as initiating âthe last days.â The author uses the adjective âtheseâ (touton) in verse 2, expressing the Christian conviction that the last days have been initiated already.3
Divine revelation came âto our forefathers [i.e., those under the older covenants] through the prophets.â The latter phrase should not be understood as narrowly referring to those designated as the âmajorâ and âminorâ writing prophets of our Old Testament. Rather, the author considers all through whom God manifested his will as owning the prophetic mantel, although the manner of these prophesies varied considerably. As to the manner of the divine revelation, it was âat many timesâ (polymeros)âthat is, it was temporally fragmented rather than in a complete packageâand âin various waysâ (polytropos), a word that suggests the diversity of forms of that revelation. The suggestion brings to mind Old Testament commands, exhortations, stories, visions, dreams, mighty acts, breathtaking theophanies, and a still small voice, to name a few.4
This older revelation was expansive but incomplete. By contrast, the revelation of these last days has come âto us,â the receptors of the Christian message. It constitutes Godâs climactic communication to humanity and has been brought via Godâs Son; that is, rather than being fragmentary and varied, it may be considered whole, focused in the person and work of Christ. The author included no article prior to the word âSonâ (huio). Whereas in many languages this may suggest that Jesus is merely one son in a crowd of sons, the emphasis here is on the unique relationship of Jesus with the Fatherâone who relates to him as son. 5 Whereas the prophets of old were many, the bearer of Godâs word for the last days was uniquely qualified for the responsibility. The authorâs statement should not be understood as concentrating only on the teachings of Jesus, although the words of Christ are vitally important to him (2:3â4). Rather, the whole of the incarnationâperson, words, and actsâshould be understood as communicating Godâs ultimate word to his new covenant people.
The Person, Work, and Status of the Son (1:2bâ4)
FOLLOWING THE TERM âSonâ the author of Hebrews provides seven affirmations describing the Sonâs person, work, and current status. (1) âWhom he appointed heir of all thingsâ probably alludes to Psalm 2:8: âAsk of me, and I will make the nations your inheritance, the ends of the earth your possession.â At Hebrews 1:5, a verse in the immediate context of 1:1â4, the author quotes Psalm 2:7, again affirming the unique relation of this Son with God the Father. If this psalm indeed lies behind the authorâs thought in Hebrews 1:2, the inheritance of âall thingsâ expands the idea to include the whole of the created order (2:5). In our authorâs thought, this royal inheritance of Christ has only been inaugurated but will be consummated at the end of the age (1:13; 2:8â9). Thus this initial proposition both affirms the present and anticipates the future rule of Christ.
(2) The next affirmation, âthrough whom he made the universe,â takes a backward look at another of the Sonâs roles. With other writers of the New Testament, Hebrews proclaims the Son as the Fatherâs agent in the creation of the universe (see 1:10; cf. John 1:3; Col. 1:16). Note Paulâs expression of this conviction in 1 Corinthians 8:6: âYet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live.â Paul here makes a distinction between the role of the Father and that of the Son; yet, both are included in the work of creation. He affirms the Father as the source of the created order and the Son as the Fatherâs agent in the creative process.6 The Son, to whom all of creation will be subjected in the end (cf. 1 Cor. 15:28; Heb. 1:13; 2:5, 8), is he through whom it originated in the beginning.
(3) Four participial clauses flank and support the authorâs next main statement concerning the Sonâs exaltation to the right hand of God (1:4). The first of these deals with the Sonâs divine nature: He âis the radiance of Godâs glory and the exact representation of his being.â The two parts of this statement affirm the same truth. In biblical literature the âgloryâ often refers to the luminous manifestation of Godâs person.7 The word translated âradianceâ (apaugasma), used only here in the New Testament, carries the sense of âsplendorâ or âintense brightness.â8 One cannot separate the experience of looking at the brightness of a light from seeing the light itself because they are too closely associated. By analogy, to see the Son is to view Godâs glory or manifest presence. So as the âradiance of his gloryâ the Son is the manifestation of the person and presence of God (e.g., Luke 9:32; John 1:14; 2:11; 17:5; Rom. 8:17; 1 Cor. 2:8; Phil. 3:21; 2 Thess. 2:14).
Similarly, the Son is âthe exact representation of his being.â The word rendered ârepresentationâ (charakter), also used only here in the New Testament, originally denoted an instrument used for engraving, and later the impression made by such an instrument. For example, it could refer to the impression made on coins.9 The word thus speaks of the features of an object or person by which we are able to recognize it for what it is.10 The imagery may also call to mind the ârepresentationâ of a parent one often sees in the face of his or her children. To see the face of the child immediately exhibits the close family relationship. What the Son represents is the âbeingâ of the Father, that is, his essential nature. The phrase ârepresentation of his being,â therefore, closely parallels other New Testament passages that speak of Jesus as the âform,â âlikeness,â or âimageâ of God (e.g., John 1:2; Phil. 2:6; Col. 1:15). So the Son provides a true and trustworthy picture of the person of the Father.
(4) The Son is also the one âsustaining all things by his powerful word.â The background of the Sonâs âsustaining [bearing] all thingsâ should probably be understood in a managerial sense. The action speaks of the continual organization and carrying forward of the created order to a designed end, an activity ascribed to God in Jewish writings. This is not the idea of the Son holding up the weight of the world as the mighty Atlas of Greek mythology, but rather the dynamic progression of creation through his governmental power.11 He carries out this government âby his powerful word.â So, as the world was created by the word of God through the Son (1:2; 11:3), it is sustained by the Sonâs powerful word.
(5) âPurification for sinsâ constitutes one of the authorâs major concerns (see esp. 9:1â10:18, which addresses the superior offering for sin under the new covenant). Behind his treatment of the subject stand the Old Testament concepts of the Day of Atonement (Lev. 16) and the blood of the covenant (Ex. 24), along with a number of other subtopics.12 Here, in the statement of Hebrews 1:3, is the introductionâs reference to Christâs sacrificial death on the cross. What the Son âhad providedâ was a forgiveness that would be permanent and lead into the very presence of God.
(6) At the heart of the introduction, the author centers on the Sonâs present status as the one at Godâs right hand (1:3). This allusion to Psalm 110:1, the Old Testament passage to which authors of the New Testament refer most often, presents the exaltation of Christ. The concept of âthe right handâ represents either superior power or ultimate honor, though it also carries the derivative meanings of âgreatnessâ or âfavor.â13 As adapted in the New Testament, Psalm 110:1 supported Jesusâ messiahship, vindication (through resurrection and exaltation), role as judge, lordship, and his intercession on behalf of believers.14
The references to âthe Majestyâ here and at 8:1 are unique among allusions to Psalm 110:1 in the New Testament. The word originally described Godâs power, greatness, or strength (e.g., Deut. 32:3; 1 Chron. 29:11; Ps. 145:3, 6). As used in Hebrews 1:3 it constitutes a reverential periphrasis for âGodâ commonly used in Jewish circles of the day.15 âIn heavenâ is Godâs locale and particularly his privileged position.16 Thus, the Son, creator of the universe and heir of all things, has been exalted to an exceptional position of authority and honor.
(7) The result of the exaltation is that the Son âbecame as much superior to the angels as the name he has inherited is superior to theirs.â Many commentators have noted this book returns again and again to contrast Christ and Christianity with the persons and institutions of the older covenant. Here, in his comparison of the exalted Son with the angels, the author has moved from Jesusâ nature and work to his status. The Son has moved to a position of authority and governance above the status of the angels.
How much greater is his position? âAs much superior ⊠as the name he inherited is superior to theirs.â The first word translated âsuperiorâ in 1:4 (kreitton) is the authorâs favorite when drawing attention to the preeminence of Christ and the new covenant religion. Christ is a superior priest (7:7); Christâs followers have a superior hope (7:19) because they are involved in the Sonâs superior covenant (7:22; 8:6), which is based on superior promises (8:6); Christ made a superior sacrifice (9:23; 12:24); therefore, believers have a superior possession (10:34), a superior country (11:16), a superior resurrection (11:35), and a superior privilege (11:40). A comparative, the other term translated âsuperiorâ (diaphoroteron), can also be rendered âmore excellentâ and is used again at 8:6 to describe Christâs ministry in comparison with the old covenant system.
Based on the previous reference to âSonâ in verse 2 and the Old Testament texts that immediately follow in verses 5â14, most scholars have understood ânameâ in verse 4 to refer to the title âSon.â17 However, âSonâ in verse 2 is not titular; in the collection of quotations that follow, the title âSonâ is joined by the titles âGodâ (v. 8) and âLordâ (v. 10). Although it cannot be denied that the concept of âsonshipâ is prominent in this section of the book, it seems that uppermost in the authorâs mind in the collection of Old Testament texts of 1:5â14 is the preeminence of the exalted Son. He is the one who deserves worship (v. 6), has a throne and a scepter (v. 8), has been anointed (as a king?) (v. 9), has made the earth and heavens (v. 10), and has been exalted to the right hand of God (v. 13).
The word translated here as ânameâ has a broad range of meanings, including âname,â âstatus,â âtitle,â ârank,â âreputation,â or even âperson.â Richard Longenecker has pointed out âthe name,â initially used as a pious reference to God, came to be employed among early Jewish Christians as a designation for Jesus.18 Both Ephesians 1:21 and Philippians 2:9, for example, speak of the exaltation of Christ over powers of the universe, as does the author of Hebrews. In each of those texts Jesusâ ânameâ is said to be above every other. This designation connoted the Messiahâs power and divinity. In Hebrews 1:4 what the Son inherited was the title âthe name,â a designation or rank formerly reserved for God.
Summary. Through his brief bu...