Hebrews

George H. Guthrie

• Éditeur: Zondervan Academic
• Année: 2009
• ISBN:
  9780310866251
• Sujet: Theologie & Religion
• Sous-sujet: Biblische Studien

The NIV Application Commentary helps you communicate and apply biblical text effectively in today's context.

To bring the ancient messages of the Bible into today's world, each passage is treated in three sections:

• Original Meaning. Concise exegesis to help readers understand the original meaning of the biblical text in its historical, literary, and cultural context.
• Bridging Contexts. A bridge between the world of the Bible and the world of today, built by discerning what is timeless in the timely pages of the Bible.
• Contemporary Significance. This section identifies comparable situations to those faced in the Bible and explores relevant application of the biblical messages. The author alerts the readers of problems they may encounter when seeking to apply the passage and helps them think through the issues involved.

This unique, award-winning commentary is the ideal resource for today's preachers, teachers, and serious students of the Bible, giving them the tools, ideas, and insights they need to communicate God's Word with the same powerful impact it had when it was first written.

Text and Commentary on Hebrews

Hebrews 1:1–4

IN THE PAST God spoke to our forefathers through the prophets at many times and in various ways, 2but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, and through whom he made the universe. 3The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven. 4So he became as much superior to the angels as the name he has inherited is superior to theirs.

Original Meaning

BECAUSE HEBREWS BEGINS like a sermon,1 without any mention of sender, addressees, or words of greeting, the author opens with a majestic overture, rhetorically eloquent and theologically packed. This beautifully constructed opening statement begins by contrasting the revelation given under the older testament economy with that given under the new. This contrast focuses on and climaxes in the person of God’s Son—heir, agent of creation, sustainer of the universe, Savior, and sovereign—who now sits at the right hand of God.

Although most translations, including the NIV , present this introduction in several sentences, Hebrews 1:1–4 in Greek forms a single, multiclause sentence, built around the main clause “God … has spoken.”2 Thus God and his communication to humanity through the Son engage the author’s attention from the first. These beautifully crafted verses fall into two main subdivisions, the first addressing divine revelation (1:1–2a) and the second the person, work, and status of God’s Son (1:2b–4).

The Climax of Divine Communication (1:1–2a)

THE AUTHOR BEGINS by presenting divine revelation in parallel contrasts between the “older” communication during the time of the prophets and the “newer” communication through the Son. He contrasts four areas: the era of the revelation, the recipients, the agents, and the ways in which the revelation was manifested.

	Older Communication	Newer Communication
Era	in the past	in these last days
Recipients	to our forefathers	to us
Agents	through the prophets	by his Son
Ways	in various ways	in one way (implied)

The eras mentioned contrast two time frames. The time “in the past” (or “formerly”) refers to the time prior to the coming of Messiah, and correspondingly, the coming time was seen as initiating “the last days.” The author uses the adjective “these” (touton) in verse 2, expressing the Christian conviction that the last days have been initiated already.3

Divine revelation came “to our forefathers [i.e., those under the older covenants] through the prophets.” The latter phrase should not be understood as narrowly referring to those designated as the “major” and “minor” writing prophets of our Old Testament. Rather, the author considers all through whom God manifested his will as owning the prophetic mantel, although the manner of these prophesies varied considerably. As to the manner of the divine revelation, it was “at many times” (polymeros)—that is, it was temporally fragmented rather than in a complete package—and “in various ways” (polytropos), a word that suggests the diversity of forms of that revelation. The suggestion brings to mind Old Testament commands, exhortations, stories, visions, dreams, mighty acts, breathtaking theophanies, and a still small voice, to name a few.4

This older revelation was expansive but incomplete. By contrast, the revelation of these last days has come “to us,” the receptors of the Christian message. It constitutes God’s climactic communication to humanity and has been brought via God’s Son; that is, rather than being fragmentary and varied, it may be considered whole, focused in the person and work of Christ. The author included no article prior to the word “Son” (huio). Whereas in many languages this may suggest that Jesus is merely one son in a crowd of sons, the emphasis here is on the unique relationship of Jesus with the Father—one who relates to him as son. 5 Whereas the prophets of old were many, the bearer of God’s word for the last days was uniquely qualified for the responsibility. The author’s statement should not be understood as concentrating only on the teachings of Jesus, although the words of Christ are vitally important to him (2:3–4). Rather, the whole of the incarnation—person, words, and acts—should be understood as communicating God’s ultimate word to his new covenant people.

The Person, Work, and Status of the Son (1:2b–4)

FOLLOWING THE TERM “Son” the author of Hebrews provides seven affirmations describing the Son’s person, work, and current status. (1) “Whom he appointed heir of all things” probably alludes to Psalm 2:8: “Ask of me, and I will make the nations your inheritance, the ends of the earth your possession.” At Hebrews 1:5, a verse in the immediate context of 1:1–4, the author quotes Psalm 2:7, again affirming the unique relation of this Son with God the Father. If this psalm indeed lies behind the author’s thought in Hebrews 1:2, the inheritance of “all things” expands the idea to include the whole of the created order (2:5). In our author’s thought, this royal inheritance of Christ has only been inaugurated but will be consummated at the end of the age (1:13; 2:8–9). Thus this initial proposition both affirms the present and anticipates the future rule of Christ.

(2) The next affirmation, “through whom he made the universe,” takes a backward look at another of the Son’s roles. With other writers of the New Testament, Hebrews proclaims the Son as the Father’s agent in the creation of the universe (see 1:10; cf. John 1:3; Col. 1:16). Note Paul’s expression of this conviction in 1 Corinthians 8:6: “Yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live.” Paul here makes a distinction between the role of the Father and that of the Son; yet, both are included in the work of creation. He affirms the Father as the source of the created order and the Son as the Father’s agent in the creative process.6 The Son, to whom all of creation will be subjected in the end (cf. 1 Cor. 15:28; Heb. 1:13; 2:5, 8), is he through whom it originated in the beginning.

(3) Four participial clauses flank and support the author’s next main statement concerning the Son’s exaltation to the right hand of God (1:4). The first of these deals with the Son’s divine nature: He “is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being.” The two parts of this statement affirm the same truth. In biblical literature the “glory” often refers to the luminous manifestation of God’s person.7 The word translated “radiance” (apaugasma), used only here in the New Testament, carries the sense of “splendor” or “intense brightness.”8 One cannot separate the experience of looking at the brightness of a light from seeing the light itself because they are too closely associated. By analogy, to see the Son is to view God’s glory or manifest presence. So as the “radiance of his glory” the Son is the manifestation of the person and presence of God (e.g., Luke 9:32; John 1:14; 2:11; 17:5; Rom. 8:17; 1 Cor. 2:8; Phil. 3:21; 2 Thess. 2:14).

Similarly, the Son is “the exact representation of his being.” The word rendered “representation” (charakter), also used only here in the New Testament, originally denoted an instrument used for engraving, and later the impression made by such an instrument. For example, it could refer to the impression made on coins.9 The word thus speaks of the features of an object or person by which we are able to recognize it for what it is.10 The imagery may also call to mind the “representation” of a parent one often sees in the face of his or her children. To see the face of the child immediately exhibits the close family relationship. What the Son represents is the “being” of the Father, that is, his essential nature. The phrase “representation of his being,” therefore, closely parallels other New Testament passages that speak of Jesus as the “form,” “likeness,” or “image” of God (e.g., John 1:2; Phil. 2:6; Col. 1:15). So the Son provides a true and trustworthy picture of the person of the Father.

(4) The Son is also the one “sustaining all things by his powerful word.” The background of the Son’s “sustaining [bearing] all things” should probably be understood in a managerial sense. The action speaks of the continual organization and carrying forward of the created order to a designed end, an activity ascribed to God in Jewish writings. This is not the idea of the Son holding up the weight of the world as the mighty Atlas of Greek mythology, but rather the dynamic progression of creation through his governmental power.11 He carries out this government “by his powerful word.” So, as the world was created by the word of God through the Son (1:2; 11:3), it is sustained by the Son’s powerful word.

(5) “Purification for sins” constitutes one of the author’s major concerns (see esp. 9:1–10:18, which addresses the superior offering for sin under the new covenant). Behind his treatment of the subject stand the Old Testament concepts of the Day of Atonement (Lev. 16) and the blood of the covenant (Ex. 24), along with a number of other subtopics.12 Here, in the statement of Hebrews 1:3, is the introduction’s reference to Christ’s sacrificial death on the cross. What the Son “had provided” was a forgiveness that would be permanent and lead into the very presence of God.

(6) At the heart of the introduction, the author centers on the Son’s present status as the one at God’s right hand (1:3). This allusion to Psalm 110:1, the Old Testament passage to which authors of the New Testament refer most often, presents the exaltation of Christ. The concept of “the right hand” represents either superior power or ultimate honor, though it also carries the derivative meanings of “greatness” or “favor.”13 As adapted in the New Testament, Psalm 110:1 supported Jesus’ messiahship, vindication (through resurrection and exaltation), role as judge, lordship, and his intercession on behalf of believers.14

The references to “the Majesty” here and at 8:1 are unique among allusions to Psalm 110:1 in the New Testament. The word originally described God’s power, greatness, or strength (e.g., Deut. 32:3; 1 Chron. 29:11; Ps. 145:3, 6). As used in Hebrews 1:3 it constitutes a reverential periphrasis for “God” commonly used in Jewish circles of the day.15 “In heaven” is God’s locale and particularly his privileged position.16 Thus, the Son, creator of the universe and heir of all things, has been exalted to an exceptional position of authority and honor.

(7) The result of the exaltation is that the Son “became as much superior to the angels as the name he has inherited is superior to theirs.” Many commentators have noted this book returns again and again to contrast Christ and Christianity with the persons and institutions of the older covenant. Here, in his comparison of the exalted Son with the angels, the author has moved from Jesus’ nature and work to his status. The Son has moved to a position of authority and governance above the status of the angels.

How much greater is his position? “As much superior … as the name he inherited is superior to theirs.” The first word translated “superior” in 1:4 (kreitton) is the author’s favorite when drawing attention to the preeminence of Christ and the new covenant religion. Christ is a superior priest (7:7); Christ’s followers have a superior hope (7:19) because they are involved in the Son’s superior covenant (7:22; 8:6), which is based on superior promises (8:6); Christ made a superior sacrifice (9:23; 12:24); therefore, believers have a superior possession (10:34), a superior country (11:16), a superior resurrection (11:35), and a superior privilege (11:40). A comparative, the other term translated “superior” (diaphoroteron), can also be rendered “more excellent” and is used again at 8:6 to describe Christ’s ministry in comparison with the old covenant system.

Based on the previous reference to “Son” in verse 2 and the Old Testament texts that immediately follow in verses 5–14, most scholars have understood “name” in verse 4 to refer to the title “Son.”17 However, “Son” in verse 2 is not titular; in the collection of quotations that follow, the title “Son” is joined by the titles “God” (v. 8) and “Lord” (v. 10). Although it cannot be denied that the concept of “sonship” is prominent in this section of the book, it seems that uppermost in the author’s mind in the collection of Old Testament texts of 1:5–14 is the preeminence of the exalted Son. He is the one who deserves worship (v. 6), has a throne and a scepter (v. 8), has been anointed (as a king?) (v. 9), has made the earth and heavens (v. 10), and has been exalted to the right hand of God (v. 13).

The word translated here as “name” has a broad range of meanings, including “name,” “status,” “title,” “rank,” “reputation,” or even “person.” Richard Longenecker has pointed out “the name,” initially used as a pious reference to God, came to be employed among early Jewish Christians as a designation for Jesus.18 Both Ephesians 1:21 and Philippians 2:9, for example, speak of the exaltation of Christ over powers of the universe, as does the author of Hebrews. In each of those texts Jesus’ “name” is said to be above every other. This designation connoted the Messiah’s power and divinity. In Hebrews 1:4 what the Son inherited was the title “the name,” a designation or rank formerly reserved for God.

Summary. Through his brief bu...