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A Study of the Kanuri Language
Grammar and Vocabulary
Johannes Lukas
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eBook - ePub
A Study of the Kanuri Language
Grammar and Vocabulary
Johannes Lukas
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Originally published in 1937, this book is a practical manual of Kanuri which will be of use to both the layman and the linguist. This analysis makes it clear that kanuri is a tone-language and the author urges the reader to observe the tone-system of the language so that the accidence can be fully understood, as grammatical tone sometimes forms an integral part of it. As this is a practical study, a practical orthography has been chosen - i. e one that uses only letters that are absolutely necessary. This system improved Kanuri orthography, as it was based on scientific principles.
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CHAPTER I
THE SOUNDS
1. The Kanuri Vowel sounds are represented by the following letters: G., a, e, i, o, u, Ó.
α. is an open back Vowel resembling a in Engl. âfatherâ; e.g. kĂąm man.
a is a front Vowel similar to the a in French âcasserâ break, but slightly centralized. It is more forward than Engl. a. in âfatherâ; e.g. kĂĄl alike.
In the neighbourhood of Velar consonants or vowels it is centralized and further back; e.g. bĂĄkcĂŹn he beats, kĂąu stone.
Before i it is closer; e.g. mĂąi king.
e is a half-close front Vowel, not quite as close as in French âbĂ©bĂ©â, nor as open as in Engl. âbetâ; e.g. fĂȘ cow.
i is a close front vowel, closer than in Engl. âfeeâ; e.g. cĂź mouth.
o is a half-open back vowel, a little closer than ou in Engl. âoughtâ, but not as close as o in French âmotâ; e.g. sĂłnĂŹn they die.
It is made with strong lip-rounding, thus giving the impression of a slight u preceding.
The Kanembu dialect of the east difierentiates between open and close o; here it would be necessary to Write the open variety É; cf. § 113.
u is a close back vowel, closer than in Engl. âboonâ; e.g. bĂ» blood.
Ó is a close central Vowel, closer than the 0 in Engl. âcommandâ, e.g. kÓm m g stammering.
In the neighbourhood of bilabial consonants or vowels it is further back; e.g. b ne night, len u you go (and . . .).
2. The following diphthongs occur in Kanuri: ai, ei, oi, ui, au, au, ea, Ói, Óu, io, iu, oa, ou; e.g. mĂąi king, dĂyei we did, dĂŽi swift, kugĂ»i hen, kĂąu stone, yĂąu you (pl.) drink, meĂą hundred, wĂ»nz geiyen we expect you, WĂșn u you look at, dio the act of doing, S Æiu spec. adverb, so . well, kÎŹtrou spec. adverb.
3. The Kanuri consonants are represented by the following characters:â, b, c, d, f, Æ, g, h, j, 1, Æ, m, n, ny, Ć, p, r, s, sh s, sh, t, v, w, x, y, z.
Long consonants are written by doubling the letter; e.g. kĂșttĂč unpleasant.
Ì represents the glottal stop; e.g. ÎŹâ no.
b is a bilabial plosive, fully voiced as in Engl. âobeyâ ; e.g. bĂą no.
c is a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate; e.g. cĂź mouth. It is made with the blade of the tongue against the back part of the upper front gums and the front part of the palate.
d is a voiced alveolar plosive as in Engl. âadderâ ; e.g. dĂȘ empty.
f is a labio-dental fricative as in Engl. âfeetâ; e.g. fĂndi twenty.
Æ is a bilabial fricative, that is to say, formed with both lips, and not by bringing the lower lip close to the upper teeth as is done in the case of f. The lip position is the same as in blowing out a match; e.g. ÆĂłgo cloud.
g is (1) a voiced velar plosive at the beginning of words and after Ć ; e.g. gĂĄd skin I grumble, Ćg lĂ good. (2) Slightly fricative when between two voiced sounds (except when the preceding and following vowels are identical, see (3)); e.g. s digĂ bottom.
(3) Omitted when standing between two identical vowels; e.g. sag year, wĂșnogo! look at! (pl.). But it is often retained in re- duplicated syllables; e.g. gĂ©gĂš whiskers.
In careful speech the g may be pronounced throughout and when malams write Kanuri in Arabic script they write the letter g.
In some dialects i...