1.1 Basic Concepts of Digital Signal Processing
Digital signal processing (DSP) technology and its advancements have dramatically impacted our modern society everywhere. Without DSP, we would not have digital/Internet audio or video; digital recording; CD, DVD, and MP3 players; digital cameras; digital and cellular telephones; digital satellite and TV; or wire and wireless networks. Medical instruments would be less efficient or unable to provide useful information for precise diagnoses if there were no digital electrocardiography (ECG) analyzers or digital x-rays and medical image systems. We would also live in many less efficient ways, since we would not be equipped with voice recognition systems, speech synthesis systems, and image and video editing systems. Without DSP, scientists, engineers, and technologists would have no powerful tools to analyze and visualize data and perform their design, and so on.
The concept of DSP is illustrated by the simplified block diagram in Figure 1.1, which consists of an analog filter, an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) unit, a digital signal (DS) processor, a digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) unit, and a reconstruction (anti-image) filter.
FIGURE 1.1 A digital signal processing scheme.
As shown in the diagram, the analog input signal, which is continuous in time and amplitude, is generally encountered in our real life. Examples of such analog signals include current, voltage, temperature, pressure, and light intensity. Usually a transducer (sensor) is used to convert the nonelectrical signal to the analog electrical signal (voltage). This analog signal is fed to an analog filter, which is applied to limit the frequency range of analog signals prior to the sampling process. The purpose of filtering is to significantly attenuate aliasing distortion, which will be explained in the next chapter. The band-limited signal at the output of the analog filter is then sampled and converted via the ADC unit into the digital signal, which is discrete both in time and in amplitude. The DS processor then accepts the digital signal and processes the digital data according to DSP rules such as lowpass, highpass, and bandpass digital filtering, or other algorithms for different applications. Notice that the DS processor unit is a special type of digital computer and can be a general-purpose digital computer, a microprocessor, or an advanced microcontroller; furthermore, DSP rules can be implemented using software in general.
With the DS processor and corresponding software, a processed digital output signal is generated. This signal behaves in a manner according to the specific algorithm used. The next block in Figure 1.1, the DAC unit, converts the processed digital signal to an analog output signal. As shown, the signal is continuous in time and discrete in amplitude (usually a sample-and-hold signal, to be discussed in Chapter 2). The final block in Figure 1.1 is designated as a function to smooth the DAC output voltage levels back to the analog signal via a reconstruction (anti-image) filter for real-world applications.
In general, the analog signal process does not require software, an algorithm, ADC, and DAC. The processing relies wholly on electrical and electronic devices such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, operational amplifiers, and integrated circuits (ICs).
DSP systems, on the other hand, use software, digital processing, and algorithms; thus they have a great deal of flexibility, less noise interference, and no signal distortion in various applications. However, as shown in Figure 1.1, DSP systems still require minimum analog processing such as the anti-aliasing and reconstruction filters, which are musts for converting real-world information into digital form and digital form back into real-world information.
Note that there are many real-world DSP applications that do not require DAC, such as data acquisition and digital information display, speech recognition, data encoding, and so on. Similarly, DSP applications that need no ADC include CD players, text-to-speech synthesis, and digital tone generators, among others. We will review some of them in the following sections.
1.2 Basic Digital Signal Processing Examples in Block Diagrams
We first look at digital noise filtering and signal frequency analysis, using block diagrams.
1.2.1 Digital Filtering
Let us consider the situation shown in Figure 1.2, depicting a digitized noisy signal obtained from digitizing analog voltages (sensor output) containing a useful low-frequency signal and noise that occupies all of the frequency range. After ADC, the digitized noisy signal x(n), where n is the sample number, can be enhanced using digital filtering.
FIGURE 1.2 The simple digital filtering block.
Since our useful signal contains the low-frequency component, the high-frequency components above that of our useful signal are considered as noise, which can be removed by using a digital lowpass filter. We set up the DSP block in Figure 1.2 to operate as a simple digital lowpass filter. After processing the digitized noisy signal x(n), the digital lowpass filter produces a clean digital signal y(n). We can apply the cleaned signal y(n) to another DSP algorithm for a different application or convert it to the analog signal via DAC and the reconstruction filter.
The digitized noisy signal and clean digital signal, respectively, are plotted in Figure 1.3, where the top plot shows the digitized noisy signal, while the bottom plot dem...