eBook - ePub
Decentralization, Local Governance, and Local Economic Development in Mongolia
This is a test
Partager le livre
- 92 pages
- English
- ePUB (adapté aux mobiles)
- Disponible sur iOS et Android
eBook - ePub
Decentralization, Local Governance, and Local Economic Development in Mongolia
DĂ©tails du livre
Aperçu du livre
Table des matiĂšres
Citations
Ă propos de ce livre
This publication presents an empirical assessment of Mongolia's system of decentralized governance and the extent to which it translates into the actual and practical working environment for subnational and local governments. It focuses on the roles of subnational and local governments in providing public services and promoting local economic development.
Foire aux questions
Comment puis-je résilier mon abonnement ?
Il vous suffit de vous rendre dans la section compte dans paramĂštres et de cliquer sur « RĂ©silier lâabonnement ». Câest aussi simple que cela ! Une fois que vous aurez rĂ©siliĂ© votre abonnement, il restera actif pour le reste de la pĂ©riode pour laquelle vous avez payĂ©. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Puis-je / comment puis-je télécharger des livres ?
Pour le moment, tous nos livres en format ePub adaptĂ©s aux mobiles peuvent ĂȘtre tĂ©lĂ©chargĂ©s via lâapplication. La plupart de nos PDF sont Ă©galement disponibles en tĂ©lĂ©chargement et les autres seront tĂ©lĂ©chargeables trĂšs prochainement. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Quelle est la différence entre les formules tarifaires ?
Les deux abonnements vous donnent un accĂšs complet Ă la bibliothĂšque et Ă toutes les fonctionnalitĂ©s de Perlego. Les seules diffĂ©rences sont les tarifs ainsi que la pĂ©riode dâabonnement : avec lâabonnement annuel, vous Ă©conomiserez environ 30 % par rapport Ă 12 mois dâabonnement mensuel.
Quâest-ce que Perlego ?
Nous sommes un service dâabonnement Ă des ouvrages universitaires en ligne, oĂč vous pouvez accĂ©der Ă toute une bibliothĂšque pour un prix infĂ©rieur Ă celui dâun seul livre par mois. Avec plus dâun million de livres sur plus de 1 000 sujets, nous avons ce quâil vous faut ! DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Prenez-vous en charge la synthÚse vocale ?
Recherchez le symbole Ăcouter sur votre prochain livre pour voir si vous pouvez lâĂ©couter. Lâoutil Ăcouter lit le texte Ă haute voix pour vous, en surlignant le passage qui est en cours de lecture. Vous pouvez le mettre sur pause, lâaccĂ©lĂ©rer ou le ralentir. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Est-ce que Decentralization, Local Governance, and Local Economic Development in Mongolia est un PDF/ePUB en ligne ?
Oui, vous pouvez accĂ©der Ă Decentralization, Local Governance, and Local Economic Development in Mongolia par en format PDF et/ou ePUB ainsi quâĂ dâautres livres populaires dans Law et Public Law. Nous disposons de plus dâun million dâouvrages Ă dĂ©couvrir dans notre catalogue.
Informations
Sujet
LawSous-sujet
Public LawSUBNATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN PRACTICE
This section explores how SNGs manage their primary levers of local public action, the delivery of the range of socioeconomic infrastructure and services for which they are responsible, and the constraints and issues that surround this.
A. Service Delivery Spending Responsibilities
1. Legal Mandates
Since 2012, there has been a degree of expenditure responsibility assigned to SNGs under the Budget Law (2012):
(i)Under Article 58, there is a set of modest, devolved service delivery functions of aimags and soums.
(ii)Under Articles 39.1 and 61.1, there is delegation of responsibilities for basic education, primary health care, social welfare, physical fitness, and culture to SNGs. These are funded through special-purpose fiscal transfers. In the most recent Budget Law revision, from 2019 some minor spending functions related to physical fitness, culture, and parts of school and clinic operating budgets will no longer be transferred to SNGs as devolved functions and funded from the base expenditure budget (Table 4).
Table 4: Functions Decentralized under the Budget Law
Sector | Aimags and Capital City | Soums and Districts |
Main Functions Devolved (Budget Law, Article 58) | ||
Social Welfare | âą Social care and welfare (upon a decision of SNG governors) âą Playgrounds | âą Social care and welfare (upon a decision of SNG governors) âą Playgrounds |
Transport, Roads | âą Public transport âą Aimag and Inter-soum roads âą Street lighting | âą Street lighting maintenance |
Water and Sanitation | âą Water supply âą Sewerage, drainage âą Waste removal âą Public hygiene | âą Public hygiene, street cleaning, waste removal |
Agriculture and Livestock | âą Livestock restocking âą Pasture management âą Pest control | âą Livestock restocking âą Pasture management |
Economic Development | âą O&M electric distribution network âą Development of small and medium-sized enterprises | |
Environment | âą Environmental protection and rehabilitation âą Flood protection | âą Environmental protection |
Capital Infrastructure | âą Urban planning, construction of new infrastructure âą Maintenance of locally owned buildings | |
Main functions delegated (Budget Law, Articles 39.1 and 61.1) | ||
Education | âą Preschool, general education, fitness, and culture | âą Preschool, general education, fitness, and culture |
Health | âą Primary health care | âą Primary health care |
Social Welfare | âą Child protection and development | âą Child protection and development |
O&M = operation and maintenance, SNG = subnational government.
Source: Asian Development Bank (compiled from the Budget Law of Mongolia, 2010).
However, these are recurrent budget responsibilities for which all local spending is subject to rigid central budget norms, greatly limiting any local choice.
Despite the provisions noted in Table 4, in practice, capital budget spending is still controlled by the central sector ministries. The main resource for local capital budget spending is the LDF transfer and for which there are menus for aimags and soums, although these are not always clear. For example, it is not clear if these menus are exclusive mandates for spending only to be undertaken by SNGs or permissive lists of allowable spending that the central government may decide to spend.
A review process of SNG functional assignments has been launched by the Cabinet Secretariat under the SDC-supported Decentralisation Policy Support Program. A methodology has been developed with initial piloting undertaken in the Ministry of Environment, which is now being extended to the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development and the Ministry of Labour. The next step will be to assess SNG capacity to adopt new functions.
The Cabinet Secretariat officially endorsed this methodology in a January 2018 circular to all ministries. The recent Budget Law revision included a provision under Article 58 that each ministry should review SNG assignments every 3 to 5 years. However, based on international experience, it remains to be seen how enthusiastically line ministries will move to cede to SNGs any control over their responsibilities and the associated budgetary and staff resources.
The Budget Law is not the only statute mandating functions to SNGs. Functions are scattered throughout other laws and regulations and not always aligned or updated and constitute a source of some confusion (Box 10).
Box 10: Unclear Mandates to Subnational Governments
In 2014, Ulaanbaatar City authorities undertook an extensive review of service delivery functions, roles, and procedures as laid down under the law. The findings were revealing.
(i)A large number of legal and regulatory instruments (137) in one way or another dictate service responsibilities to city authorities at one level or another.
(ii)A large number of service delivery responsibilities (536) are mandated to city, district, and khoroo (urban ward) authorities. For example:
âą roads and related infrastructure maintenance: 34 responsibilities
âą social policy: 75 responsibilities
âą social protection and welfare: 122 responsibilities
âą public order: 23 responsibilities
âą environment: 29 responsibilities
(iii)A large degree of confusion existed across this range of responsibilities. Among the 536 distinct service responsibilities, there were 147 overlaps or conflicts in mandated responsibilities between city and districts, or districts and khoroos.
A similar review conducted by another aimag (province) counted 80 sector-specific laws or regulations that in different ways specify subnational government service delivery responsibilities.
Source: Consultations with Ulaanbaatar City officials.
2. Spending Patterns in Practice
Overall, subnational spending in 2017 constituted 26% of all national government spending, down from 29% in 2014 (Figure 3).
No national budget data on SNG spending by sector were available other than for Ulaanbaatar (Appendix 1). Based on field visits, it appears that the bulk of this spending is on the functions delegated to SNGs under Articles 39 and 61 (education, health, and social welfare), accounting for 60% of the budget. Most SNG revenues compri...