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War Songs
'Antarah ibn Shaddad, Richard Sieburth, James E. Montgomery
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War Songs
'Antarah ibn Shaddad, Richard Sieburth, James E. Montgomery
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PoesĂa de Oriente MedioAPPENDIX 1
IBN QUTAYBAH (D. 276/888): BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON ÊżANTARAH IBN SHADDÄD OF ÊżABS IN THE BOOK OF POETRY AND POETS104
1.1
ÊżAntarahâs full name is ÊżAntarah ibn ÊżAmr ibn ShaddÄd ibn ÊżAmr ibn QurÄd ibn MakhzĆ«m ibn ÊżAwf ibn MÄlik ibn GhÄlib ibn QuáčayÊżah ibn ÊżAbs ibn BaghÄ«áž. Ibn al-KalbÄ« states that âShÄddÄd was his grandfather on his fatherâs side. His name eclipsed that of the father, so ÊżAntarahâs lineage is traced through his grandfather. ÊżAntarahâs name is properly ÊżAntarah ibn ÊżAmr ibn ShaddÄd.â Others, however, contend that ShaddÄd was his uncle, i.e., his fatherâs brother, and that it was he who raised ÊżAntarah, which is why his lineage is traced back through him.
1.2
ÊżAntarahâs father did not recognize him as his son until he had reached manhood, because his mother was a black slave called ZabÄ«bah, and during the JÄhiliyyah the Arabs would consider the children of slaves to be slaves, no matter who their father was. ZabÄ«bahâs other sons, ÊżAntarahâs brothers, were also slaves. ÊżAntarah was recognized by his father after a raid by an Arab tribe that resulted in a number of ÊżAbs losses. The men of ÊżAbs gave chase, but the raiders fought back and defended the plunder they had taken. ÊżAntarah took part in the pursuit, and when his father shouted, âAttack, ÊżAntarah!â he replied, âSlaves do not attack. Theyâre much better at milking camels.â âAttack and you are a free man,â his father said. Then ÊżAntarah charged the foe, declaiming:
Every man guards
his womanâs cunt,
black or white.
By the thick fuzzy lipsâ
This I swear.105
He fought bravely that day, and won back the plunder that ÊżAbs had lost. From that day on, his father called him his son and gave him his name.
1.3
There were three âArab ravensâ: ÊżAntarah, whose mother, ZabÄ«bah, was black; KhufÄf ibn ÊżUmayr al-SharÄ«dÄ« of Sulaym, who traced his lineage through his black mother, Nadbah; and al-Sulayk ibn ÊżUmayr al-SaÊżdÄ«, who traced his lineage through his black mother, Sulakah.
1.4
ÊżAntarah was the fiercest warrior and the most generous of men. He had not composed more than two or three verses of poetry when one day a fellow tribesman launched a vicious verbal attack on him, shaming him for not being a poet and for being the black son of a black mother with black brothers. âIt is customary for people,â ÊżAntarah replied, âto help one another through sharing food, but neither you nor your father nor your grandfather has ever attended such a communal gathering. It is also customary for people to be summoned to take part in raids and thus to win renown, but none of us has ever seen you in the vanguard of a raiding party. In times of confusion, not one of you, neither you nor your father nor your grandfather, has ever attended a tribunal where a decision was to be taken. You are about as much use as a weed growing in a wasteland. I, however, do not shirk from war. I share my spoils and refrain from begging. I am generous with what I possess. My judgment and resolve are unerring. Youâre about to find out about my skills as a poet.â The first major ode he composed was âDid Poetry Die in its War with the Poets?â106 It is his finest poem, and they called it âthe Golden Ode.â
1.5
ÊżAntarah participated in the War of DÄáž„is and al-GhabrÄÊŸ with exemplary bravery, and distinguished himself in combat.
1.6
According to AbĆ« ÊżUbaydah, ÊżAntarah was a man who made his living from raiding. When he grew too old and feeble to take part, he found himself destitute in the aftermath of the Battle of Jabalah Ravine, when ÊżAbs, laden with the blood monies they had to pay, returned to live among the GhaáčafÄn. He was owed some camels by a member of GhaáčafÄn, so he decided to go and call in the debt. He had reached a spot between Sharj and NÄáșirah107 when a cold wind sprang up after a summer rainstorm. The wind gave the old man a chill, and he was found dead on the spot.
1.7
Also according to AbĆ« ÊżUbaydah, during the War of DÄáž„is and al-GhabrÄÊŸ, ÊżAntarah killed ážamážam of Murrah, the father of កuáčŁayn and Harim, an event he mentions in the following verses:
I feared Iâd die before warâs mill
could grind ážamážamâs sons to dust.
Unprovoked, they vowed revenge
and stained my honor.
Thereâs still time for them to act!
I killed their fatherâ
carrion for gimpy hyenas
and grizzled vultures!108
1.8
No one can quibble over the assertion that he was the first poet to develop the following motif:
and the lone hopper, look,
screeches its drunken song
scraping out a tune
leg on leg like a one-armed man
bent over a fire stick.109
1.9
This is quite simply a truly great image.
This motif too is original:
I squander all I have on drinkâ
keeping my honor whole.
Sober again, Iâm lavish still,
ÊżAblah, as you know.110
1.10
As is this:
The noble line of my tribe
accounts for half of my stationâ
my blade takes care of the rest âŠ
When the squadron flinches,
fear in their eyes,
I am better than any man
with nobility on both
sides of his family.111
In other words, half of my lineage belongs to ÊżAbs, and I use my sword to defend the rest of my lineage, the half that belongs to the blacks, and in this way I bring it honor.
1.11
The following verses are excellent:
âStay back,â my woman pleaded,
as if the Fates were going
to let me step aside and avoid them.
Death is a pool we all must drink fr...