Biological Sciences
Gene Expression
Gene expression refers to the process by which information from a gene is used to create functional gene products, such as proteins. It involves the transcription of the gene's DNA into RNA and the subsequent translation of RNA into proteins. Gene expression is tightly regulated and plays a crucial role in determining an organism's traits and functions.
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11 Key excerpts on "Gene Expression"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter- 1 Gene Expression Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this transcript may then be translated into protein. Gene Expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes or transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. The process of Gene Expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. Several steps in the Gene Expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of Gene Expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism. In genetics, Gene Expression is the most fundamental level at which genotype gives rise to the phenotype. The genetic code stored in DNA in form of nucleotide sequence is interpreted by Gene Expression, and the properties of the expression products give rise to the organism's phenotype. ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Mechanism Transcription The process of transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP), uses DNA (black) as a template and produces RNA (blue). The gene itself is typically a long stretch of DNA which carries genetic information encoded by genetic code.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Chapter 4 Gene Expression Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this transcript may then be translated into protein. Gene Expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes or transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. The process of Gene Expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multi-cellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and viruses - to generate the macro-molecular machinery for life. Several steps in the Gene Expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of Gene Expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism. In genetics, Gene Expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype. The genetic code stored in DNA is interpreted by Gene Expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype. ______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Mechanism Transcription The process of transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP), which uses DNA (black) as a template and produces RNA (blue). The gene itself is typically a long stretch of DNA which carries genetic information encoded by genetic code.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
_______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Chapter 4 Gene Expression Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this transcript may then be translated into protein. Gene Expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes or transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. The process of Gene Expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multi-cellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. Several steps in the Gene Expression process may be modu-lated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of Gene Expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism. In genetics, Gene Expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype. The genetic code stored in DNA is interpreted by Gene Expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype. _______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Mechanism Transcription The process of transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP), which uses DNA (black) as a template and produces RNA (blue). The gene itself is typically a long stretch of DNA which carries genetic information encoded by genetic code.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 7 Gene Expression Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this transcript may then be translated into protein. Gene Expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes or transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. The process of Gene Expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. Several steps in the Gene Expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of Gene Expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism. In genetics, Gene Expression is the most fundamental level at which genotype gives rise to the phenotype. The genetic code stored in DNA in form of nucleotide sequence is interpreted by Gene Expression, and the properties of the expression products give rise to the organism's phenotype. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Mechanism Transcription The process of transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP), uses DNA (black) as a template and produces RNA (blue). The gene itself is typically a long stretch of DNA which carries genetic information encoded by genetic code.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES______ ________________________ Chapter 4 Gene Expression Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this transcript may then be translated into protein. Gene Expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes or transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. The process of Gene Expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. Several steps in the Gene Expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of Gene Expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism. In genetics, Gene Expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype. The genetic code stored in DNA is interpreted by Gene Expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype. ______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES______ ________________________ Mechanism Transcription The process of transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP), which uses DNA (black) as a template and produces RNA (blue). The gene itself is typically a long stretch of DNA which carries genetic information encoded by genetic code.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 7 Gene Expression Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this transcript may then be translated into protein. Gene Expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes or transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. The process of Gene Expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. Several steps in the Gene Expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of Gene Expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism. In genetics, Gene Expression is the most fundamental level at which genotype gives rise to the phenotype. The genetic code stored in DNA in form of nucleotide sequence is interpreted by Gene Expression, and the properties of the expression products give rise to the organism's phenotype. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Mechanism Transcription The process of transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP), uses DNA (black) as a template and produces RNA (blue). The gene itself is typically a long stretch of DNA which carries genetic information encoded by genetic code.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 1 Gene Expression Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this transcript may then be translated into protein. Gene Expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes or transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. The process of Gene Expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. Several steps in the Gene Expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of Gene Expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism. In genetics, Gene Expression is the most fundamental level at which genotype gives rise to the phenotype. The genetic code stored in DNA in form of nucleotide sequence is ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ interpreted by Gene Expression, and the properties of the expression products give rise to the organism's phenotype. Mechanism Transcription The process of transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP), uses DNA (black) as a template and produces RNA (blue). The gene itself is typically a long stretch of DNA which carries genetic information encoded by genetic code.
eBook - PDFNeurobehavioral Genetics
Methods and Applications, Second Edition
- Byron C. Jones, Pierre Mormede, Byron C. Jones, Pierre Mormede(Authors)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
73 6 Gene Expression Richard A. Radcliffe CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................................. 73 6.1 The Gene ........................................................................................................ 74 6.2 Transcription: Basic Mechanism of mRNA Biogenesis ............................... 76 6.3 Regulation of Transcription ........................................................................... 80 6.4 Transcriptional Regulation through Signal Transduction ............................. 83 6.5 RNA Interference ........................................................................................... 85 6.6 Gene Silencing ............................................................................................... 86 6.7 Sources of Variation in Gene Expression ...................................................... 87 6.8 Measuring Gene Expression .......................................................................... 88 References ................................................................................................................ 92 INTRODUCTION Gene Expression, or transcription , is an important element of “The Central Dogma,” the phrase used by Francis Crick 1 to describe what was and still is thought to be the basic and only flow of genetic information in a cell: DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated to protein. In this scheme, only nucleic acids actually contain information that is encoded in the specific sequence of nucleotides that make up the DNA or RNA. Cells can construct proteins from the information contained in nucleic acids, but the transfer of information is one way; cells do not have the capacity to reproduce nucleic acid sequence information from proteins alone.
- Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr, , Cecie Starr, Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Messenger RNA was named for its role as the “messenger” between DNA and protein. As you will see in Section 8.4, an mRNA carries a protein-building message in the sequence of its nucleotide bases. In an energy-intensive process called translation, that message guides the assembly of a polypeptide. Information Flow During Gene Expression, information flows from DNA to RNA to protein: RNA DNA PROTEIN TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION Expression of genes that encode RNA products (such as tRNA and rRNA) involves transcription only. Expression of genes that encode protein products involves both transcription and translation. Directly or indirectly, a cell’s DNA contains all of the information required to make the other molecules of life. Transcription produces RNAs that interact in translation. Some of the resulting proteins have structural roles in the cell; others (enzymes in particular) assemble lipids and carbohydrates, replicate DNA, make RNA, and so on. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE 8.2 ● ● Information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA occurs in units called genes. ● ● In Gene Expression, information in a gene is converted to an RNA or protein product. ● ● Transcription copies a gene into RNA form. Translation converts protein-building information in an mRNA into a polypeptide. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
eBook - PDF- Carlos Tello Lacal(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Delve Publishing(Publisher)
Gene Expression 5 CHAPTER CONTENTS 5.1 Mechanisms by Which Cells Express Information Stored in Genes ........................ 110 5.2 The Genome Coding Struggles of A Virus Groups .................................................. 115 5.3 How Viruses Control Gene Expression Through Transcription and by the Use of Posttranscriptional Methods .................................................. 119 Principles of Molecular Virology 110 5.1 MECHANISMS BY WHICH CELLS EXPRESS INFORMATION STORED IN GENES Genes work by determining protein structure. The proteins are responsible for making sure metabolism goes on well as required by acting as enzymes. When DNA was identified to be a genetic material and its structure elucidated, scientists discovered that there are four bases that must specify genetic information. These are T, G, C, and A, and they are the one that makes up the DNA molecule. Proteins are polymers that have been made up of 20 amino acids. This sequence is what determines the function and structure of the proteins. The number one link between protein amino acid sequence alteration and genetic mutation was made in the year 1957 after it was realized that patients who suffered the inherited sickle cell anemia disease had molecules of hemoglobin that were different from the normal ones by a substitution of a single amino acid. Greater insight on the molecular relationship between the proteins and DNA came. However, it was through a number of experiments that took the benefit of E. coli and viruses that are related to it E. coli and viruses that are related to it as genetic models. The Collinearity of Proteins and Genes The simplest hypothesis for accounting for the connection between enzymes and genes is the nucleotide order in the DNA-specified amino acid order in a protein.
eBook - PDFHuman Heredity
Principles and Issues
- Michael Cummings(Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
In fact, in a given cell, almost all genes are switched off most of the time. Liver cells, for example, do not express the genes for eye color, and brain cells do not make enzymes that digest food. Only about 5% to 10% of the genes in most cells are active. The process of turning genes on and off is called gene regulation. Gene regulation can occur at many steps during transcription, during process-ing of pre-mRNA, at several stages of translation, and even after translation ( Figure 9.14 ). Of these, the most important step is regulation at the transcriptional level. Mad-cow disease A prion disease of cattle, also known as bovine spongiform encephalopa-thy, or BSE. FIGURE 9.14 Stages of gene regulation in human cells. pre-mRNA DNA Chromatin Cytoplasm Nucleus Mature mRNAs Mature mRNAs Ribosome Initiation of protein synthesis New polypeptide chains Finished proteins Protein breakdown Determines which genes are transcribed Determines rate at which proteins are made Determines availability of finished proteins Determines types and availability of mRNAs to ribosomes Transcriptional regulation uni25CF Chromatin remodeling to make genes accessible for transcription uni25CF Regulation of transcription initiation Translational regulation uni25CF Variations in rate of initiation of protein synthesis Post-transcriptional regulation uni25CF Variations in pre-mRNA processing uni25CF Variations in rate of mRNA breakdown uni25CF RNA interference Post-translational regulation uni25CF Variations in rate of protein processing uni25CF Variations in rate of protein breakdown © Cengage Learning Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience.
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