Robert Koch

12 Key excerpts on "Robert Koch"

• 

  eBook - PDF

  Pioneers In Microbiology: The Human Side Of Science

  • King-thom Chung, Jong-kang Liu(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • World Scientific

    (Publisher)

  105 Chapter 13 Robert Koch (1843 – 1910): The Great Medical Microbiologist “One should first investigate the problems with attainable solutions. With this knowledge thus gained, we can proceed to the next attainable objectives”. “I have undertaken my investigations in the interest of public health and I hope the greatest benefits will accrue from there”. “If I think today of all of praise which you have heaped upon me, I must, of course, immediately ask myself if I deserve it. Am I really entitled to such homage? I guess that I can, with a clear conscience, accept much of the praise you have bestowed upon me. But I have really done nothing else than what you yourself are doing every day. All I have done is work hard and fulfill my duty and obligations. If my efforts have led to greater success than usual, this is due, I believe, to the fact that during my wanderings in the field of medicine, I have strayed on the paths where the gold was still lying by the wayside. It takes a little luck to be able to distinguish gold from dross, but that is all”. — Robert Koch Pioneers in Microbiology: The Human Side of Science 106 Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch (US Public Domain image) Introduction Robert Koch is an important figure in the history of combating human diseases. His “Koch’s postulates” serve as the gold standard for identifying disease agents. Many infectious dis-eases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Hanta virus pulmonary syndrome, and the avian flu are threat-ening us today, as well as reemerging threats from the past such as tuberculosis and hemorrhagic diarrhea. Therefore, it is worthwhile to recall how we battled diseases in the past. The past may give leads for the future. Background and Education Robert Koch was born to Hermann Koch and Mathilde Julie Henriette Biewend on 11 December 1843 in Klausthal, Harz, an 13 Robert Koch 107 old mountain town of some 10,000 inhabitants, 50 miles south of Hannover, a part of Prussia.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Germ Theory

  Medical Pioneers in Infectious Diseases

  • Robert P. Gaynes(Author)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • ASM Press

    (Publisher)

  10 Robert Koch and the Rise of Bacteriology

  As Pasteur introduced the concept of the germ theory of disease, the medical community was slow to embrace it. Some doctors had trouble believing that these invisible creatures could take down human beings millions of times their size. But even the most astute physicians had difficulty recognizing how microscopic organisms could cause different clinical syndromes, since there was little means to distinguish one microorganism from another. But that changed with Robert Koch (Fig. 10.1 ).

  Robert Koch’s life can be measured in extremes. Koch was a kind country doctor who did not perform formal medical research until he was 37 years old, but in the subsequent 9 years he made spectacular contributions that earned him an appointment as a professor at the University of Berlin. To strangers he was suspicious and aloof, but to his friends he was described as warm and friendly. He appeared to many to be stereotypically German in character, militaristically ordering many assistants who were at his bidding. But Koch regularly savored performing his own complex research tasks, even in old age. He was meticulous in his research, but after one of his most valuable discoveries, that of the tuberculosis bacillus, he released information suggesting that he had found the cure for tuberculosis before carefully seeing it through his usual rigor of testing. Koch is noted for his postulates that still serve as a guide for determining if a microorganism is the cause of a disease. But some of his most important contributions were in public health, where he receives little credit. Koch made one of the most important contributions in the history of immunology, the discovery of the tuberculin reaction, but never fully understood the significance of his discovery. For his work, Koch reached dazzling fame, yet a few years later, he was forced to resign his position in disgrace. Koch’s life and achievements are both inspirational and cautionary.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  No longer available |Learn more

  Microbiology for Surgical Technologists

  • Margaret Rodriguez(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  He was a proponent of wear- ing gloves during surgery, changing gowns or aprons between cases, and cleaning and disinfecting surgical instruments by boiling before they were to be used on the next patient. Robert Koch The German physician Robert Koch was one of the most influential bacteriologists in the history of medicine and epidemiology. He studied under Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle, a German anatomist whose research in the 1840s in- cluded attempts to disprove the miasma theory and humoral doctrine of disease established in the times of the ancient Greeks. Henle believed that disease was caused by microorgan- isms, and this may have been the foundation for his protégé’s future work. In 1876, Robert Koch became famous in the medical community for his research showing a necessary causal relationship of rod-shaped bacteria, now known as Bacillus anthracis, with the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax. He cultured the bacteria and injected samples of the culture into healthy animals. When the animals became sick and died, he took samples of their blood, isolated the bacte- ria, and compared it to the original bacterial samples. He found that the two blood cultures contained the same bacte- ria. Koch thus established a sequence of steps for experimen- tally proving that a specific microbe causes a specific disease (see Figure 1-7). These steps, called Koch’s postulates, sometimes re- ferred to as the Henle-Koch Postulates, were first discussed in a publication in 1877 and are as follows: 1. The same disease-causing microorganism must be observed in all cases. 2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must reproduce the disease when inoculated into a susceptible animal. 4. The microorganism must be isolated from the inoculated animal and proven to be the original disease-causing pathogen. There are exceptions to Koch’s postulates. They include the following: 1.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Agency and Action in Colonial Africa

  Essays for John E. Flint

  • C. Youé, T. Stapleton, C. Youé, T. Stapleton(Authors)
  • 2001(Publication Date)
  • Palgrave Macmillan

    (Publisher)

  18 He was the first to place the germ theory of disease on a firm experimental footing. He established first principles in demonstrating scientific causation, later known as ‘Koch’s Postulates’. 19 He virtually invented microscopic pathology, developed the plate technique of obtaining pure cultures, and his slide technique remains today the basis ‘Scientific Gold’: Robert Koch and Africa, 1883–1906 39 of routine laboratory study of bacteria. Koch took these techniques he invented and produced dazzling results. First, as has been noted, Koch worked out the lifecycle of the anthrax vaccine, after Pasteur and his group had developed the anti-anthrax vaccine. Second, he discovered the tubercule bacillus. Third, in 1883, after a trip to Egypt, he was the first not only to isolate the cholera bacterium, but to demonstrate through careful epidemiological studies that water filtration was a crucial control measure against cholera, and by implication, against typhoid fever as well. With these results, it is no surprise that the German Empire rewarded this small town practitioner with the directorship of a new Institute of Bacteriology in Berlin. There his students and visitors would include two future Nobel prize winners, Emil von Behring and Paul Ehrlich. Koch himself would be honoured with the Nobel prize in 1905. After 1883, Koch’s career, in science and in his personal relations, endured one disaster after another. The two spheres were connected. Koch’s overbearing, authoritarian personality, his inability to share credit with others, or to admit error, were all tendencies that even his adoring biographers have recognized. Here is how the Dictionary of Scientific Biography states the problem: His [Koch’s] consequent hierarchical concepts and attitudes partly account for such faults attributed to him as pugnacity, arrogance, failure to acknowledge borrowed ideas or to give credit where due, and reluctance to admit mistakes .

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Case Studies in Public Health

  • Theodore H. Tulchinsky(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  th century when universal education and rising standards of living in industrial nations led to improved nutrition, and municipal sanitation of community water supplies and sewage drainage. As chronic diseases became the major health issues, a more complex approach than the single causation biomedical model became vital. These criteria of causation of noncommunicable diseases have evolved to take into account multiple risk factors as opposed to the single causative concept of the “Germ Theory” and its pioneers including Koch and his successors.

  The Koch–Henle postulates needed adaptation with more complex postulates to include other causes of infection and for noninfectious disease-causing agents such as smoking, nutrition, cholesterol, hypertension, genetics, exercise, and other risk factors in causation of many noncommunicable diseases that began to dominate epidemiology and public health practice by the middle of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the predominant causes of disease and death are noncommunicable diseases associated with lifestyle, genetics, health care, poverty, injury, and social conditions (see Chapter 21 ), but infectious diseases emerge as new challenges and old diseases reemerge as renewed public health issues.

  Robert Koch discovered the anthrax bacillus and investigated the anthrax disease cycle in 1876. He discovered the bacteria of tuberculosis in 1882 and cholera in 1883. Robert Koch’s contributions were acknowledged with the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1905. Medicine and epidemiology still rely on the Koch principles of affirming the causes of infectious diseases. Koch died in 1910 at age 66. He advanced the field of medical bacteriology opening a “golden age” of scientific work with profound influence on public health and human civilization.

  Paul Ehrlich and “Magic Bullets”

  Paul Ehrlich (1854–1910) was born to a Jewish family in Strehlen in Upper Silesia, Germany. He was educated at the Gymnasium at Breslau and subsequently at the universities of Breslau, Strasburg, Freiburg, and Leipzig. He graduated as a doctor of medicine in 1878 with a dissertation on the theory and practice of staining animal tissues.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Bacterial Pathogenesis

  A Molecular Approach

  • Brenda A. Wilson, Malcolm Winkler, Brian T. Ho, Brenda A. Wilson, Malcolm Winkler(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • ASM Press

    (Publisher)

  Box 2-2 ). The germ theory also provided a scientific explanation for the horrendous infection rates that occurred during surgery in the 19th century, where handwashing was not practiced routinely due to the prevailing belief at the time about the airborne transmission of disease. Joseph Lister (1827–1912) and others seized on the germ theory to develop antiseptics and sterilization methods for surgery that greatly improved survival rates. With these early studies in hand, a number of scientists were becoming more receptive to the notion of a microbial origin of infectious disease, which set the stage for establishing the principles governing how to make the microbe-disease connection.

  Koch’s Postulates: A Set of Criteria Used To Establish a Microbe-Disease Connection

  The German microbiologist Robert Koch (1843–1910) sought to define a set of rules for establishing a connection between a particular microbe and a particular disease. Early versions of his proposed guidelines, published first in 1882 and revised in 1884, consisted of three criteria that needed to be satisfied to link a microbe with a disease. In his final version, published in 1890, Koch refined his proposed set of rules by adding a fourth criterion. These four criteria for establishing cause and effect came to be known as Koch’s postulates (Table 6-1 ).

  Table 6-1. Koch’s postulates: then and now

  Koch formulated his postulates based on elegant and detailed studies that he conducted over many years, beginning with his earlier work on anthrax and the life cycle of its causative bacterium, Bacillus anthracis . Although B. anthracis is now widely recognized as a potential biological weapon (see chapter 20 ), this bacterium is found in the environment, where it infects and kills livestock and wild herbivores (Figure 6-2

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded

  • Lois N. Magner(Author)
  • 2002(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Koch was born in a small village in the Harz Mountains. He was the third of 13 children born to Herrmann Koch, a mining administrator, and his wife Mathilde. When Koch began his medical studies at the University of Göttingen, the faculty included many eminent scientists, but not even Jacob Henle seemed to have any interest in the relationship between bacteria and disease. Nevertheless, Koch’s teachers did awaken in him a love of scientific research. After earning his degree and passing his state medical examinations in 1866, Koch spent several months in Berlin studying clinical medicine at the Charité hospital and attending lectures presented by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), the founder of cellular pathology. Dreaming of travel and adventure, Koch attempted to find work as a ship’s doctor or military surgeon. But after becoming engaged to Emmy Fraatz, he seemed to be doomed to the dreary life of a country doctor and district medical officer. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Koch volunteered for the medical service. Although military medicine disabused him of his romantic notions of adventure, like many other doctors Koch discovered that war was the ultimate medical education.

  Despite the demands of his private practice and official duties, Koch explored new ideas in natural history, archaeology, photography, public health, hygiene, and bacteriology. He established a small laboratory next to his consultation room and purchased a Zeiss oil immersion microscope and the illuminating apparatus invented by the Ernst Abbe (1840–1905). Experimenting with the new aniline dyes, Koch was able to get clear images of bacteria and distinguish between what he called the “structure picture” and the “color picture.” Thus, when an outbreak of anthrax occurred in his district, Koch was able to make his own tests of the relationship between the anthrax bacillus and the disease. Although anthrax is primarily a disease of sheep and cattle, it can cause severe, localized skin ulcers known as malignant pustules in humans, as well as a dangerous condition known as gastric anthrax, or a virulent pneumonia known as wool-sorter’s disease. By 1860, Franz Pollender (1800–1879), Pierre Rayer (1793–1867), and Casimir Joseph Davaine (1812–1882) had observed bacteria in the blood of anthrax victims, but their evidence for an association between the bacteria and the disease remained largely circumstantial, despite attempts to transmit the disease to experimental animals by inoculating them with blood from diseased animals.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Microbe Hunters

  The Classic Book on the Major Discoveries of the Microscopic World

  • Paul de Kruif(Author)
  • 2024(Publication Date)
  • Harvest

    (Publisher)

  A bespectacled wrinkled small man rose and put his face close to his papers and fumbled with them. The papers quivered and his voice shook a little as he started to speak. With an admirable modesty Robert Koch told these men the plain story of the way he had searched out the invisible assassin of one human being out of every seven that died. With no oratorical raisings of his voice he told these disease fighters that the physicians of the world were now able to learn all of the habits of this bacillus of tuberculosis—this smallest but most savage enemy of men. Koch recited to them the lurking places of this slim microbe, its strengths and weaknesses, and he showed them how they might begin the fight to crush, to wipe out this sub-visible deadly enemy.

  At last Koch sat down, to wait for the discussion, the inevitable arguments and objections that greet the finish of revolutionary papers. But no man rose to his feet, no word was spoken, and finally eyes began to turn toward Virchow, the oracle, the Tsar of German science, the thunderer whose mere frown had ruined great theories of disease.

  All eyes looked at him, but Virchow got up, put on his hat, and left the room—he had no word to say.

  If old Leeuwenhoek, two hundred years before, had made so astounding a discovery, Europe of the Seventeenth Century would have heard the news in months. But in 1882 the news that Robert Koch had found the microbe of tuberculosis trickled out of the little room of the Physiological Society the same evening, sang to Kamchatka and to San Francisco on the cable wires that night, and exploded on the front pages of the newspapers in the morning. Then the world went wild over Koch, doctors boarded ships and hopped trains for Berlin to learn from him the secret of hunting microbes; vast crowds of them rushed to Berlin to sit at Koch’s feet to learn how to make beef-broth jelly and how to stick syringes full of germs into the wiggling carcasses of guinea-pigs.

  Pasteur’s deeds had set France by the ears, but Koch’s experiments with the dangerous tubercle bacilli rocked the earth, and Koch waved worshipers away, saying: “This discovery of mine is not such a great advance.”

  He tried to get away from his adorers and to dodge his eager pupils, to snatch what moments he could for his own new searchings. He loathed teaching—that way he was precisely like Leeuwenhoek—but he was forced, cursing under his breath, to give lessons in microbe hunting to Japanese who spoke horrible German and understood less than they spoke, and to certain Americans, who couldn’t by any amount of instruction, learn to hunt microbes. He started a huge fight with Pasteur—but of this I shall tell in the next chapter—and between times he showed his assistant, Gaffky, how to spy on and track down the bacillus of typhoid fever. He was forced to attend idiotic receptions and receive medals, and came away from these occasions to guide his fierce-mustached assistant Loeffler, who was on the trail of the poison-dripping microbe that kills babies with diphtheria. It was thus that Koch shook the tree of his marvelous simple method of growing microbes on the surface of solid food—he shook the tree, as Gaffky said long afterward, and discoveries rained into his lap.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  A History of Medicine

  • Lois N. Magner, Oliver Kim, Oliver J Kim(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  In contrast to Louis Pasteur, whose road to microbiology began with chemistry, Robert Koch came to bacteriology as a physician. Lacking Pasteur’s flair for the dramatic, Koch’s gift was for attention to detail and for developing simple, rigorous techniques that made modern microbiology possible.

  After receiving his medical degree from the University of Göttingen in 1866, Koch worked briefly at the Hamburg General Hospital before obtaining a position as a district medical officer. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Koch enlisted in the medical corps. Like many doctors, Koch found that war was the ultimate medical school. Despite his official duties and busy private practice, Koch found time for studies of microscopy, bacteriology, and photography. Thus, when anthrax appeared in his district, Koch was prepared to investigate the disease and the bacteria suspected of causing it.

  Anthrax is primarily a disease of sheep and cattle, but in humans it can cause skin ulcers known as malignant pustules, a dangerous condition known as gastric anthrax, or a virulent pneumonia known as wool sorter’s disease or inhalation anthrax. Proponents of the germ theory of disease were particularly interested in anthrax and the relatively large bacteria associated with it. Franz Pollender had observed bacteria in the blood of anthrax victims as early as 1849. Pierre Rayer claimed to have seen the anthrax bacillus in the blood of sheep he had inoculated with blood from animals that had died of the disease. However, it was Casimir Joseph Davaine who first presented good, albeit circumstantial evidence of a link between anthrax and the “filiform bodies” that he saw in the blood of animals dying of anthrax. Identical bacilli could be found in the malignant pustules of human victims.

  By 1876, Koch had obtained cultures of Bacillus anthracis

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  A New History of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases

  Immunization - Chance and Necessity

  • Anthony R. Rees, Anthony Robert Rees(Authors)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  21

  By 1879 Pasteur, in his laboratory in Paris, had turned his attention to the cholera problem. In culturing the bacterium thought to be responsible for cholera which he received from the French vet Henry Toussaint, Pasteur reported a year later that, as the time interval was increased (up to several months) between transferring the culture to fresh growth medium to allow it to continue to proliferate, the ability of the cultures to infect chickens with cholera decreased. The explanation he gave of the extended time intervals was that the change of media had been forgotten by his coworkers (he was at the family home over the summer) so that in the end it was purely a matter of chance that his extraordinary observation became possible. He surmised that something had affected the cholera bacillus that reduced its virulence. That something was likely to be extended exposure to air during the “forgotten” periods, although since the cholera bacillus is an aerobic organism it actually relies on oxygen to grow so a somewhat surprising conclusion! Nonetheless, the results in chickens were convincing and more importantly when the extended time interval inoculations had been carried out, subsequent injection of the shorter time interval and more virulent cholera cultures failed to generate the cholera infection. Pasteur believed he had discovered the means to achieve “attenuation” of a live bacterium, and with it the means to secure a vaccine for cholera. His understanding of what happened in the body between arrival of the attenuated bacteria and subsequent challenge with the virulent form was, however, an illustration of how primitive knowledge of the mechanisms of infection was at the time. He believed that the attenuated bacteria used up key nutrients in the body necessary for it to grow so that when the virulent form arrived the growth nutrients had already been depleted preventing its growth and hence the infection. This could only be possible of course if the attenuated form was “still alive,” a supposition that would soon be challenged with devastating effect on his morale. The more important piece of information he was not in possession of was that chicken cholera is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Pioneers of Microbiology and the Nobel Prize

  • Ulf Lagerkvist(Author)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • WSPC

    (Publisher)

  The almost explosive development of bacteriology during the latter decades of the 19th century depended to a large extent on two simple but exceedingly important technical improvements that were mainly due to Koch. The German pathologist Carl Weigert (1845–1904) had pioneered the use of synthetic aniline dyes to stain bacteria. Koch improved Weigert’s procedure by the simple expedient of drying thin layers of bacteria on glass slides so as to fix them to the glass surface before staining. They could then be inspected and photographed in the microscope. The pictures that he obtained using this technique were so sharp and detailed that they could, for instance, be used to characterize and classify the bacteria found in infected wounds. When Koch demonstrated his results to one of Germany’s leading pathologists, Julius Cohnheim (1839–1884), and a group of scientists that included his future collaborator and close friend, Paul Ehrlich, they were received with great interest and appreciation. On the other hand, a later visit to the Nestor of German pathology, Rudolf Virchow in Berlin, was not as successful. Virchow was not inclined to accept the role of microorganisms in contagious diseases and instead entertained views that were almost miasmatic. In coming years, Koch and Virchow would often be on collision paths with each other.

  Koch was a strong adherent of Cohn’s theory that bacterial species had characteristic morphological and physiological properties that remained constant for countless generations, and in 1878 he became involved in a heated discussion with Karl von Nägeli who had expounded his pleomorphistic ideas in a recent book. Koch’s tendency to assert his opinions in a clear and unequivocal, not to say brutal way, would time and again lead to conflicts with other scientists, among them also one of his most outstanding collaborators, Emil von Behring. The same year that Koch had quarrelled with Nägeli, he published his important study of wound infections: Untersuchungen über die Ätiologie der Wundinfektionskrankheiten (“Studies of the Etiology of Wound Infections ”). This had for a long time been a contested question even after the majority of physicians had accepted that wound infections were caused by bacteria. Joseph Lister had been inclined to pleomorphistic ideas and the same could be said of Theodor Billroth with his hypothesis about all wound infections being caused by the same bacterium, Coccobacteria septica .

  Using tissue samples from infected wounds, Koch was able to transmit the infection to laboratory animals. When he analyzed the experimental infections, that eventually killed the animals, he could demonstrate a number of morphologically different bacterial species. He concluded that wound infections could be caused by a variety of bacteria belonging to genetically different species, to use a modern terminology. Koch’s arguments convinced both Lister and Billroth, who from now on supported his theory of specific bacterial species causing defined diseases. Another important result of Koch’s work with wound infections were his famous postulates, that had in fact been earlier suggested by his old teacher Jakob Henle. The great difference is of course that while Henle based his postulates on purely theoretical considerations, Koch could present experimental evidence to sustain his theses. Koch’s postulates can be summarized approximately as follows:

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  The Collected Papers of Paul Ehrlich

  Chemotherapy

  • F. Himmelweit(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Pergamon

    (Publisher)

  609 Robert Koch* P. EHRLICH In den Tagen des frischen Schmerzes, der allgemeinen Trauer, in denen überall, wo Interesse für die Fortschritte und Leistungen von wissenschaftlicher Forschung und Kulturarbeit wach ist, von Robert Koch gesprochen und geschrieben wird, kann es nicht die Aufgabe sein, an dieser Stelle den Bericht über des großen Forschers und Meisters Leben und Wirken zu wiederholen. Bei allen denen, welche an der „Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung und experimentelle Therapie mitarbeiten, und bei ihren Lesern ist das, was Robert KochS mit fast gigantischer Kraft schöpfender Geist geschaffen hat, in zu junger Erinnerung, als die unvergängliche festgefügte Basis, auf der sie stehen, und die ihrer aller Arbeit als ein breites tragfähiges Fun-dament dient. So trauert mit der Bakteriologie, die ihren, mit kraftvollem Zepter herrschenden, Begründer verloren, die Immunitätsforschung, ihre Tochter, und die gesamte experimentelle Therapie. Als Robert Koch mit weitausschauendem Blick der Bakteriologie Methoden und Wege wies, die sie aus den ersten Anfängen heraus in die vorderste Reihe der biologischen Wissenschaften stellten, da waren gleichzeitig die Grundlagen für das Gesamtgebiet biologisch-therapeutischer Forschung geebnet. So muß heute die Immunitätsforschung, die durch PASTEUR zum ersten Mal von der reinen Empirie losgelöst wurde und dann in den Werkstätten der Bakteriologie die mächtigsten Antriebe zu ihrer umfassenden Entwicklung empfing, dankbar Robert KochS ge-denken, der durch seine genialen Methoden die Möglichkeit schuf, den Problemen der Immunität auf exakt-experimenteller Basis nachzugehen. Und um KOCHS direkten Einfluß auf die Entwicklung der jungen Wissenschaft gebührend zu bewerten, genügt es, auf die Entdeckung des Tuberkulins zu verweisen, eine Großtat, die einen Mark-stein bedeutet, als der Beginn der Ära spezifischer Diagnostik und Therapie.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book