Business
Job Production
Job production is a manufacturing process that involves producing one-off or custom-made products to meet the specific requirements of individual customers. It is a labour-intensive process that requires skilled workers to produce high-quality products. Job production is often used in industries such as furniture making, jewellery making, and bespoke tailoring.
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3 Key excerpts on "Job Production"
- Geoffrey Whitehead(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
Every manufacturer has a particular field of interest, for ‘a jack-of-all-trades is a master of none’ says an old proverb. The factory's size and layout vary with the product, the processes required, the plant and machinery that can be developed and the techniques that can be devised. In general, the following considerations enter into the production policy of a firm: 1 The nature of the product, its design, marketing, packaging, storage and eventual distribution. 2 The volume of output to meet the market's needs. 3 The techniques necessary, which often may impose limits on the production process – for example, cement-making plants have to be of a certain size if the process is to be efficient. 4 The resource requirements: raw materials, components, labour and capital equipment of every type. 5 Controls – including quality, volume and price controls, but also progress-chasing of individual orders. 5.2 TYPES OF PRODUCTION There are four main types of production, which have an impact upon the design and layout of factories. They are: 1 Job Production (or unit production). 2 Batch production. 3 Flow production. 4 Process production. 1 Job Production Job Production or unit production is the specialised production of ‘one-off orders for a particular customer or client. A ship, or a bridge, or a ball-gown or a bespoke-tailored suit would be examples. In general this type of products calls for a wider variety of skills and a wider variety of materials than other forms of production where repetition means that materials will be standardised and machines will be used more intensively. We cannot usually design and plan the job until the order is placed, though a certain amount of pre-contract planning might take place. There is a great need to look for work in this type of production, since machines and employees can be idle much of the time if a reasonable series of one-off orders is not obtained
- Antonia Fels(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Apprimus Wissenschaftsverlag(Publisher)
As illustrated in figure 2.1, the customer accompanies the whole development and production process. Job shop production on the other hand includes the manufacturing on the shop floor as well as the production planning beforehand. Although job shop manufacturers offer customized products, they are built based on a modular conception - the elements or components of the products are standardized to a certain degree. The customer orders “later” in the product development and realization process 39 . An unreserved disjunction of engineer-to-order and job shop production, however, is not possible. In practice the borders between design, production planning and production are blurry, the contribution of a manufacturer with regard to design and engineering is not “either-or”. A differentiation also depends on the specific industrial 36 Cf. LI et al. (2010) International Journal of Manufacturing Research, p. 162. 37 Cf. ADRODEGARI et al. (2015) Production Planning & Control, pp. 911. 38 Cf. TU AND DEAN (2011) One-of-a-kind production, pp. 17. 39 Cf. WALTER EVERSHEIM AND GÜNTHER SCHUH (1999a) Produktion und Management: Betrieb von Produktionssystemen, p. 14-73. Design of Job Shop Production 9 sector and competencies of the involved companies. In addition, the terminologies are not completely separable, which will be outlined briefly henceforth. Although tool manufacturers are engineer-to-order companies and will serve as the validation object of this thesis, production of engineer-to-order products will be referred to as job shop production throughout this thesis. This choice of wording owes to the anticipation of the specific focus, which is the layout of manufacturing of engineer-to-order production presuming the completion of the design and engineering phase.
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- Geoffrey Whitehead(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Made Simple(Publisher)
Basic Ideas on Production 21 (b) The Monotonous Nature of Many Highly Specialised Employments. The work involved in a particular process can soon become an automatic activity which the operator performs without difficulty. Some people prefer this type of employment, which carries little responsibility and finishes as soon as the factory siren blows. Others find it irksome in the extreme. Often such employees feel trapped in a manufacturing system from which there is no escape. This is particularly true in areas where one or two large enterprises dominate the local employment scene and few alternative occupations exists for those who dislike work as operatives. (c) The Decline of Craftsmanship. Mass production greatly reduces the skills required of ordinary workers. They become highly skilled at particular processes but know little of the entire range of activities in their craft. Of course, a few super-craftsmen on the design staff still play an influential part in the whole enterprise, but the mass of employees are unable to take part in any truly creative activity. This leads them to regard work as of little importance, for their true personalities can be developed only in leisure hours. Thus production suffers and the total effectiveness of enterprises is reduced. (d) Structural, Regional and General Unemployment. Structural unem-ployment is unemployment caused by changes in the world demand for a particular product. The whole structure of an industry changes as world demand falls. Even if world demand grows, but is supplied from a different source, serious unemployment can occur in the formerly prosperous supplier's industry. In 1870-1900 the UK shipbuilding industry built ships for the whole world, and her merchant navy carried about 80 per cent of world trade. Today she builds ships for only a few nations and carries only 11 per cent of world trade.
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