Chemistry
Mass Spectrometer
A mass spectrometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It works by ionizing chemical compounds and then separating the ions based on their mass. This allows for the identification of the chemical composition and structure of the sample.
Written by Perlego with AI-assistance
Related key terms
1 of 5
12 Key excerpts on "Mass Spectrometer"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 1 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source, which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer, which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector, which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 5 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 7 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Learning Press(Publisher)
______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Chapter- 3 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
- SachchidaNand Shukla(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Arcler Press(Publisher)
Mass Spectrometry 2 CONTENTS 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 40 2.2. The Theory Of Mass Spectrometry .................................................... 42 2.3. Main Terminologies Used In Mass Spectrometry .............................. 48 2.4. Ionization Techniques In Mass Spectrometry ..................................... 55 References ............................................................................................... 62 Introduction to Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques 40 2.1. INTRODUCTION Mass spectrometry is a type of micro-analytical practice, which can be employed for detecting and determining the quantity of any given analyte. We also use Mass spectrometry for determining the elemental composition and few characteristics of the molecular structure of a given analyte. We accomplish these tasks by the experimentally measuring the mass of gas-phase ions that are created from molecules of an analyte (Dalton, 1808; Duckworth & Nier, 1988). Some distinct characteristics of mass spectrometry are its capability of directly determining the minimal mass (and in few cases, the molar mass) of any given analyte, as well as its capacity to both produce and identify fragments of the molecule corresponding to distinct groups of atoms of various different elements which reveal structural characteristics. Furthermore, mass spectrometry has the ability to produce more structural info per unit quantity of any given analyte that can be determined by using any other type of analytical method (Berzelius & Schönbein, 1900; Anders, 2009). Mass spectrometry is mostly concerned with the mass of the isotopes of the elements, and hence not with the atomic mass of the elements (Santavy, 1967; Roboz, 1968). The weighted average of the naturally happening stable isotopes comprising the element is known as the atomic mass of an element.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Chapter 3 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Library Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 8 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Orange Apple(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 2 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 8 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
eBook - PDF- Satinder Ahuja, Neil Jespersen(Authors)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
The Mass Spectrometer converts neutral molecules into charged particles (either positive or negative ions) and sorts them according to their respective mass-to-charge ( m/z ) ratios. A graphical presentation of the relative abundances of the various ionic species, as a function of their m/z value, is a mass spectrum. The appearance of a mass Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 47 S. Ahuja and N. Jespersen (Eds) Volume 47 ISSN: 0166-526X DOI: 10.1016/S0166-526X(06)47011-2 r 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 319 spectrum, both in terms of which ionic species are observed, as well as their abundances, serves as the basis for compound identification. The information derived from a mass spectrum is often combined with that from other analytical techniques, such as infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to generate structural assign-ments for organic molecules. The attributes of mass spectrometry that make it a versatile and valuable analytical technique are its sensitivity (e.g., recently, a detection limit of approximately 500 molecules, or 800 yoctomoles ¼ 800 10 24 mol has been reported) and specificity in detecting or identifying unknown compounds. The sensitivity of the technique is attributable to the filtering action of the analyzers with the associated elimination of background interferences, and the significant signal amplification (on the order of six orders of magnitude) achievable with modern electron multiplier detectors. Specificity is a product of both the molecular mass information carried by the parent ion (i.e., the ionized neutral analyte molecule) and the aspects of molecular structure that can be inferred from the reproducible and characteristic fragmen-tation processes.
eBook - PDF- Gary D. Christian, Purnendu K. Dasgupta, Kevin A. Schug(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Today, researchers routinely apply MS techniques to study and unravel complex biological systems; even whole virus particles have been given flight as charged species in Mass Spectrometer instruments. A field that began and developed firmly in the grasp of experimental physicists has now shifted into the realm of the analytical chemist. We are currently in the midst of an era where the power of MS, and the availability of more robust, more sensitive, and faster systems, continues to increase at an astonishing pace. A well-known contemporary analytical chemist once said, “If you can’t do it by mass spectrometry, it’s probably not worth doing.” Such a statement is telling of the vast capabilities MS offers. 22.1 Principles of Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry is a sophisticated instrumental technique that produces, separates, and detects ions in the gas phase. The basic components of a Mass Spectrometer are shown in Figure 22.1. Samples are introduced into an ionization source through some 735 736 CHAPTER 22 MASS SPECTROMETRY Fig. 22.1. Components of a typical Mass Spectrometer. Formation of ions Separation of ions Detection of ions Data analysis Minimize ion deactivation Introduction of sample Inlet Source Mass Analyzer Detector Vacuum System Data System type of inlet system. Depending on the phase and nature of the sample and the analytes, different inlets and ionization sources will be more or less optimal for producing ions. Analyte molecules are typically neutral and must be ionized. This can be accomplished in many ways. Analytes can be subjected to high-energy sources, such as electron bombardment, a laser, or an electrical discharge. Lower energy, or “softer,” ionization sources also exist, such as those encountered in atmospheric pressure ionization. We describe common ionization sources in the sections below.
eBook - PDF- Donald Pavia, Gary Lampman, George Kriz, James Vyvyan, Donald Pavia, Gary Lampman, George Kriz, James Vyvyan(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Today, the biotechnology industry uses mass spectro-metry to assay and sequence proteins, oligonucleotides, and polysaccharides. The pharmaceutical industry uses mass spectrometry in all phases of the drug development process, from lead compound discovery and structural analysis, to synthetic development and combinatorial chemistry, and to phar-macokinetics and drug metabolism. In health clinics around the world, mass spectrometry is used in testing blood and urine for everything from the presence and levels of certain compounds that are “markers” for disease states, including many cancers, to detecting the presence and quantitative analy-sis of illicit or performance-enhancing drugs. Environmental scientists rely on mass spectrometry to monitor water and air quality, and geologists use mass spectrometry to test the quality of petroleum reserves. Mass spectrometry is also used routinely in airport security screening and forensic investiga-tions to detect traces of explosives. To date, no fewer than five Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work directly related to mass spectrometry: J. J. Thomson (Physics, 1906) for “theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”; F. W. Aston (Chemistry, 1922) for “discovery, by means of a mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of nonradioactive elements”; W. Paul (Physics, 1989) “for the development of the ion trap technique”; and most recently J. B. Fenn and K. Tanaka (Chemistry, 2002) “for the development of soft desorption ionization methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules.” C H A P T E R 3 3.1 THE Mass Spectrometer: OVERVIEW In its simplest form, the Mass Spectrometer has five components (Fig. 3.1), and each will be dis-cussed separately in this chapter. The first component of the Mass Spectrometer is the sample inlet (Section 3.2), which brings the sample from the laboratory environment (1 atm) to the lower Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning.
Index pages curate the most relevant extracts from our library of academic textbooks. They’ve been created using an in-house natural language model (NLM), each adding context and meaning to key research topics.
