Chemistry
Mass Spectrometry of Elements
Mass spectrometry of elements is a technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It involves ionizing the sample, separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, and detecting the abundance of each ion. This method is valuable for identifying and quantifying elements in various chemical and biological samples.
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11 Key excerpts on "Mass Spectrometry of Elements"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 5 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- Library Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 8 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
- SachchidaNand Shukla(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Arcler Press(Publisher)
Mass Spectrometry 2 CONTENTS 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 40 2.2. The Theory Of Mass Spectrometry .................................................... 42 2.3. Main Terminologies Used In Mass Spectrometry .............................. 48 2.4. Ionization Techniques In Mass Spectrometry ..................................... 55 References ............................................................................................... 62 Introduction to Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques 40 2.1. INTRODUCTION Mass spectrometry is a type of micro-analytical practice, which can be employed for detecting and determining the quantity of any given analyte. We also use Mass spectrometry for determining the elemental composition and few characteristics of the molecular structure of a given analyte. We accomplish these tasks by the experimentally measuring the mass of gas-phase ions that are created from molecules of an analyte (Dalton, 1808; Duckworth & Nier, 1988). Some distinct characteristics of mass spectrometry are its capability of directly determining the minimal mass (and in few cases, the molar mass) of any given analyte, as well as its capacity to both produce and identify fragments of the molecule corresponding to distinct groups of atoms of various different elements which reveal structural characteristics. Furthermore, mass spectrometry has the ability to produce more structural info per unit quantity of any given analyte that can be determined by using any other type of analytical method (Berzelius & Schönbein, 1900; Anders, 2009). Mass spectrometry is mostly concerned with the mass of the isotopes of the elements, and hence not with the atomic mass of the elements (Santavy, 1967; Roboz, 1968). The weighted average of the naturally happening stable isotopes comprising the element is known as the atomic mass of an element.
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 1 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source, which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer, which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector, which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 8 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Learning Press(Publisher)
______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Chapter- 3 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 7 Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
eBook - PDF- Satinder Ahuja, Neil Jespersen(Authors)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
Chapter 11 Mass spectrometry David J. Burinsky 11.1 INTRODUCTION Mass spectrometry is arguably one of the most versatile analytical measurement tools available to scientists today, finding application in virtually every discipline of chemistry (i.e., organic, inorganic, physical and analytical) as well as biology, medicine and materials science. The technique provides both qualitative and quantitative information about organic and inorganic materials, including elemental composition, molecular structure and the composition of mixtures. The origin of the technique can be traced to the work of physicists such as J.J. Thomson (1912) [1] , F.W. Aston (1919) [2] and A.J. Dempster (1918) [3] in the early part of the 20th century. By the 1940s, the technique was finding application in the analysis of hydrocarbon fractions in the petroleum industry, which led to improvements in the instrumentation and methodology. The commercialization of more reliable instrumentation in the 1950s spurred utilization of the technique by chemists for the characterization of an increasing variety of organic compounds. Sub-sequent decades brought about the combination or ‘‘hyphenation’’ of the technique with the powerful separation capabilities of gas chroma-tography (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography (LC-MS), the develop-ment of new kinds of mass analyzers and the introduction of revolutionary new ionization techniques. These new ionization tech-niques (introduced largely in the past 15 years) are primarily respon-sible for the explosive growth and proliferation of mass spectrometry as an essential tool for biologists and biochemists. The mass spectrometer converts neutral molecules into charged particles (either positive or negative ions) and sorts them according to their respective mass-to-charge ( m/z ) ratios. A graphical presentation of the relative abundances of the various ionic species, as a function of their m/z value, is a mass spectrum.
eBook - PDF- Stefan Bienz, Laurent Bigler, Thomas Fox(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Thieme(Publisher)
4 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry 4.1 Introduction … 288 4.2 General Aspects of Mass Spectrometry … 289 4.3 Instrumental Aspects … 303 4.4 Interpretation of Spectra and Structural Elucidation … 339 4.5 Sample Preparation … 385 4.6 Artifacts … 389 4.7 Tables to the Mass Spectrometry … 394 4.8 Literature … 428 Stefan Bienz, Laurent Bigler 287 4.1 Introduction Although the method of mass spectrometry (MS) is relatively old—already in 1910, J. J. Thomson was able to separate the 20 Ne and 22 Ne isotopes—it did not achieve recognition as an impor-tant analytical method in organic chemistry until 1960. Two features have helped to bring it to prominence. Firstly, with MS it is possible to determine the relative molecular mass and even the elemental composition of a compound using only the smallest amount of substance. Furthermore, fragmentation pat-terns, i.e., the decomposition of the material being analyzed under the influence of electron bombardment or other tech-niques, depicted in mass spectra allow one to make important deductions about the structures of the investigated compounds. Both of these aspects have been—and still are—crucial to the development and the application of this method. There are limits to the mass spectrometric determination of relative molecular masses. These limits used to be at rather low mass numbers because in the early days of MS it was necessary to transfer the analytes by evaporation into the gas phase. This was possible only for rather volatile and slightly polar com-pounds. The larger a compound is, the greater, in general, is the number of functional groups and therewith the danger of thermal decomposition upon vaporization. Additionally, highly functionalized compounds—if they reached the mass analyzer still intact—usually showed such strong fragmentation upon electron ionization (EI), the method used at that time, that reliable information about their molecular masses was often inaccessible.
eBook - PDF- Donald Pavia, Gary Lampman, George Kriz, James Vyvyan, Donald Pavia, Gary Lampman, George Kriz, James Vyvyan(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Today, the biotechnology industry uses mass spectro-metry to assay and sequence proteins, oligonucleotides, and polysaccharides. The pharmaceutical industry uses mass spectrometry in all phases of the drug development process, from lead compound discovery and structural analysis, to synthetic development and combinatorial chemistry, and to phar-macokinetics and drug metabolism. In health clinics around the world, mass spectrometry is used in testing blood and urine for everything from the presence and levels of certain compounds that are “markers” for disease states, including many cancers, to detecting the presence and quantitative analy-sis of illicit or performance-enhancing drugs. Environmental scientists rely on mass spectrometry to monitor water and air quality, and geologists use mass spectrometry to test the quality of petroleum reserves. Mass spectrometry is also used routinely in airport security screening and forensic investiga-tions to detect traces of explosives. To date, no fewer than five Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work directly related to mass spectrometry: J. J. Thomson (Physics, 1906) for “theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”; F. W. Aston (Chemistry, 1922) for “discovery, by means of a mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of nonradioactive elements”; W. Paul (Physics, 1989) “for the development of the ion trap technique”; and most recently J. B. Fenn and K. Tanaka (Chemistry, 2002) “for the development of soft desorption ionization methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules.” C H A P T E R 3 3.1 THE MASS SPECTROMETER: OVERVIEW In its simplest form, the mass spectrometer has five components (Fig. 3.1), and each will be dis-cussed separately in this chapter. The first component of the mass spectrometer is the sample inlet (Section 3.2), which brings the sample from the laboratory environment (1 atm) to the lower Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning.
eBook - PDF- Roger Minear(Author)
- 1984(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
The design of Mattauch Herzog was chosen as the most suitable geom-etry to provide planar focussing and was adopted in the first commercial instrument in 1959. Subsequently, spark-source mass spectrometry was applied to a variety of problems where trace elements had a significant effect on the performance or quality of an end product. As an example, the trace-element character in nuclear materials was routinely established through the use of spark-source mass spectrometry (Brown, 1963; Carter and Sites, 1972). Several companies saw the potential for spark-source mass spectrometry to provide sufficiently sensitive analyses for the emerging semiconductor industry, where a knowledge of the distribution of p-and Ai -type elements was essential to produce devices of great com-mercial value. Throughout the mid-1960s and early 1970s, spark-source mass spectrometry found a large range of applications in different fields of materials research. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a heavy emphasis was placed on the influence of industry and manufacturing on the human environment. Con-siderable study was devoted to the impact of fossil-and nuclear-fuel cycles on the quality of air and water. Analytical methodology had lagged behind the requirements for determination of lower concentrations of a wider range of trace elements. Methods were thus developed for the multielement analysis of environmental samples such as water and fly ashes (Davison et al., 1974; Taylor and Taylor, 1974). At this time, a requirement was established for the determination of trace elements in biological tissue and body fluids in order to study the biological pathways and target organs in human and animal systems. Mass spectrometry found a ready application in the study of trace-element distribution in these systems (Evans and Morrison, 1968; Brown et al., 1972). These methods and their limitations and advantages are discussed in this chapter.
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