Chemistry
Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is a technique used to analyze the composition of a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of its ions. It involves ionizing the sample, separating the ions based on their mass, and detecting them to generate a mass spectrum. This powerful tool is widely used in chemistry for identifying compounds, determining their structure, and quantifying their abundance.
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12 Key excerpts on "Mass Spectrometry"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 1 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source, which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer, which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector, which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 5 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Chapter 3 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- Orange Apple(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 2 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Learning Press(Publisher)
______________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________ Chapter- 3 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
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- 2014(Publication Date)
- Library Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 8 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 8 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electro-magnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 7 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. In a typical MS procedure: 1. A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization 2. The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g., by impacting them with an electron beam), which results in the formation of charged particles (ions) 3. The ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio in an analyzer by electromagnetic fields 4. The ions are detected, usually by a quantitative method 5. The ion signal is processed into mass spectra MS instruments consist of three modules: • An ion source , which can convert gas phase sample molecules into ions (or, in the case of electrospray ionization, move ions that exist in solution into the gas phase) • A mass analyzer , which sorts the ions by their masses by applying electromagnetic fields • A detector , which measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present The technique has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum).
- SachchidaNand Shukla(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Arcler Press(Publisher)
Mass Spectrometry 2 CONTENTS 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 40 2.2. The Theory Of Mass Spectrometry .................................................... 42 2.3. Main Terminologies Used In Mass Spectrometry .............................. 48 2.4. Ionization Techniques In Mass Spectrometry ..................................... 55 References ............................................................................................... 62 Introduction to Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques 40 2.1. INTRODUCTION Mass Spectrometry is a type of micro-analytical practice, which can be employed for detecting and determining the quantity of any given analyte. We also use Mass Spectrometry for determining the elemental composition and few characteristics of the molecular structure of a given analyte. We accomplish these tasks by the experimentally measuring the mass of gas-phase ions that are created from molecules of an analyte (Dalton, 1808; Duckworth & Nier, 1988). Some distinct characteristics of Mass Spectrometry are its capability of directly determining the minimal mass (and in few cases, the molar mass) of any given analyte, as well as its capacity to both produce and identify fragments of the molecule corresponding to distinct groups of atoms of various different elements which reveal structural characteristics. Furthermore, Mass Spectrometry has the ability to produce more structural info per unit quantity of any given analyte that can be determined by using any other type of analytical method (Berzelius & Schönbein, 1900; Anders, 2009). Mass Spectrometry is mostly concerned with the mass of the isotopes of the elements, and hence not with the atomic mass of the elements (Santavy, 1967; Roboz, 1968). The weighted average of the naturally happening stable isotopes comprising the element is known as the atomic mass of an element.
eBook - PDF- Satinder Ahuja, Neil Jespersen(Authors)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
The mass spectrometer converts neutral molecules into charged particles (either positive or negative ions) and sorts them according to their respective mass-to-charge ( m/z ) ratios. A graphical presentation of the relative abundances of the various ionic species, as a function of their m/z value, is a mass spectrum. The appearance of a mass Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 47 S. Ahuja and N. Jespersen (Eds) Volume 47 ISSN: 0166-526X DOI: 10.1016/S0166-526X(06)47011-2 r 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 319 spectrum, both in terms of which ionic species are observed, as well as their abundances, serves as the basis for compound identification. The information derived from a mass spectrum is often combined with that from other analytical techniques, such as infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to generate structural assign-ments for organic molecules. The attributes of Mass Spectrometry that make it a versatile and valuable analytical technique are its sensitivity (e.g., recently, a detection limit of approximately 500 molecules, or 800 yoctomoles ¼ 800 10 24 mol has been reported) and specificity in detecting or identifying unknown compounds. The sensitivity of the technique is attributable to the filtering action of the analyzers with the associated elimination of background interferences, and the significant signal amplification (on the order of six orders of magnitude) achievable with modern electron multiplier detectors. Specificity is a product of both the molecular mass information carried by the parent ion (i.e., the ionized neutral analyte molecule) and the aspects of molecular structure that can be inferred from the reproducible and characteristic fragmen-tation processes.
eBook - PDF- Donald Pavia, Gary Lampman, George Kriz, James Vyvyan, Donald Pavia, Gary Lampman, George Kriz, James Vyvyan(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Today, the biotechnology industry uses mass spectro-metry to assay and sequence proteins, oligonucleotides, and polysaccharides. The pharmaceutical industry uses Mass Spectrometry in all phases of the drug development process, from lead compound discovery and structural analysis, to synthetic development and combinatorial chemistry, and to phar-macokinetics and drug metabolism. In health clinics around the world, Mass Spectrometry is used in testing blood and urine for everything from the presence and levels of certain compounds that are “markers” for disease states, including many cancers, to detecting the presence and quantitative analy-sis of illicit or performance-enhancing drugs. Environmental scientists rely on Mass Spectrometry to monitor water and air quality, and geologists use Mass Spectrometry to test the quality of petroleum reserves. Mass Spectrometry is also used routinely in airport security screening and forensic investiga-tions to detect traces of explosives. To date, no fewer than five Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work directly related to Mass Spectrometry: J. J. Thomson (Physics, 1906) for “theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”; F. W. Aston (Chemistry, 1922) for “discovery, by means of a mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of nonradioactive elements”; W. Paul (Physics, 1989) “for the development of the ion trap technique”; and most recently J. B. Fenn and K. Tanaka (Chemistry, 2002) “for the development of soft desorption ionization methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules.” C H A P T E R 3 3.1 THE MASS SPECTROMETER: OVERVIEW In its simplest form, the mass spectrometer has five components (Fig. 3.1), and each will be dis-cussed separately in this chapter. The first component of the mass spectrometer is the sample inlet (Section 3.2), which brings the sample from the laboratory environment (1 atm) to the lower Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning.
eBook - PDF- Wilfried M.A. Niessen(Author)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
23 2 Mass Spectrometry 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2. Analyte ionization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3. Information from Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4. Mass analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1. Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MS) is based on the production of ions, that are subsequently separated or filtered according to their mass-to-charge ( m/z ) ratio and detected. The resulting mass spectrum is a plot of the (relative) abundance of the generated ions as a function of the m/z . Excellent selectivity can be obtained, which is of utmost importance in quantitative trace analysis. This chapter is not a brief introduction in MS, but rather highlights important aspects for the discussions on liquid chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) to come. General discussion and tutorials in MS can be found elsewhere [1-2]. The mass spectrometer is a highly sophisticated and computerized instrument, which basically consists of five parts: sample introduction, ionization, mass analysis, ion detection, and data handling. In principle, liquid chromatography is just one of the possible analyte techniques, or the mass spectrometer just another detector for LC. However, on-line chromatography–MS systems offer additional value, especially in terms of selectivity. 2. Analyte ionization A wide variety of ionization techniques is available for organic Mass Spectrometry [1-2]. Analyte-ionization techniques can be classified as ‘hard’ or ‘soft’, depending on the extent of fragmentation occurring during the ionization
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