Geography
Economic Change in the UK
Economic change in the UK refers to the shifts in the country's economic structure, including changes in industries, employment patterns, and trade relationships. These changes have been influenced by factors such as globalization, technological advancements, and government policies. The UK has transitioned from a predominantly industrial economy to one driven by services, finance, and technology, impacting regional development and employment opportunities.
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7 Key excerpts on "Economic Change in the UK"
eBook - ePub- Michael Pacione(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
The remainder of this paper takes a similarly catholic approach to the concept of industrial revolution and the study of industrial change. Although ‘proto-industrialisation’ is beyond the scope of this essay, discussion will range over the whole of the period 1780 to 1940, on the assumption that significant structural changes in the economy occurred throughout this period, and that readjustments of the late-nineteenth century and economic restructuring during the inter-war years were just as important as the accelerated growth and structural change which occurred during the classic period of industrial revolution. Moreover, examples will not be narrowly confined to economic issues, but will range widely over the whole spectrum of economy and society that was touched by industrial change. Although examples are drawn mainly from Britain, comparisons with North America are made where appropriate. European and other literature on industrial change is beyond the scope of this essay.THE GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE
The study of industrial change since 1780 is necessarily interdisciplinary in nature and should not be constricted by artificial boundaries. Geographical study thus interacts with the work of social, economic and political historians, and no areas of research are the exclusive preserve of particular disciplines. However, it is possible to identify four research areas where geographers have and should have contributed; where geographers have engaged in lively debate with other scholars; or where work — which may originate from many disciplines — clearly falls within a geographical tradition.First, there are studies of specific industries or groups of industries, which focus on such themes as the organisational and business history of the firm, technological developments affecting operations, changes in working conditions and in employment practices affecting the labour force, and the origins and impact of changing locational decisions. Second, a group of studies focuses on the regional structure of industrial change, ranging over such issues as the extent to which industrialisation destroyed traditional regional economies, the degree to which regional diversity existed within a mature industrial economy, and the emergence of the ‘regional problem’ of depressed industrial areas. Third, there are studies which focus on various mechanisms of industrial change and particularly on the significance for industrial development of interaction and exchange over space. The role of transport and communications in industrial change, the development of telecommunications, demographic change and labour migration, the flow of capital and ideas between enterprises and areas and changing patterns of demand are all fruitful areas in which geographers may work. Fourth, a wide range of studies examine the impact of industrial change on the wider economy and society, focussing on such themes such as the development of urban structures, changing class relations, employment and unemployment, and the effects of industrial change on the social, political, and cultural experiences of the labour force. Although not exhaustive, this classification covers the main traditions of geographical research on industrial change. The significance of selected research in each field will be discussed below.
eBook - ePub- T.W. Freeman(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
ECONOMIC FACTORS IN GEOGRAPHY ‘Commercial’ and ‘economic’ geography; natural resources; the use of resources; agricultural changes.‘Commercial’ and ‘Economic’ Geography
PART of the modern interest in geography arose from its commercial applications, which have been clearly appreciated for the past century as transport has removed isolation from much of the world and made unknown lands spheres of influence and trade. Several of the world’s geographical societies, including in Britain those of Scotland and Manchester, had commercial geography as a main source of attraction and some of the first university courses were also of a mainly commercial and economic character. The terms ‘commercial’ and ‘economic’ have acquired slightly different meanings:1 in 1882, Gôtz suggested that ‘economic’ geography was to be more academic and commercial geography essentially practical. The tendency in university courses has been for ‘commercial’ courses to be of obviously clear use to the students drawn from schools of commerce, and for a deeper geographical framework to be laid in ‘economic’ courses, with more emphasis on such fundamentals as climate, physical features, the limits of particular crops, or even the historical effects of the modern opening-up of the world by transport. Much interesting work has been done on the past distribution of population and industry in Britain, and indeed elsewhere, and in Britain the need to conserve at least some of the old mills, water-wheels, factories, foundries, canals, railway stations, if not necessarily by preservation at least by photographic and other recording, has been recognized by the Council of British Archaeology,2
eBook - PDFThe Future of the Metropolis
Berlin London Paris New York. Economic Aspects
- Hans-Jürgen Ewers, John B. Goddard, Horst Matzerath(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- De Gruyter(Publisher)
The Changing Spatial Structure in the United Kingdom 199 Thompson, W. R. (1968) Internal and External Factors in the Development of Urban Economies, in Perloff, H. S. and L. Wingo (Eds.) Issues in Urban Economics. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Weeden, G. (1973) Interregional Migration Models and Their Application to Great Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. West, J. and P. Martin (1979) Employment and Unemployment in the English Inner Cities, Department of Employment Gazette 87, 8, pp. 746-52. Whittington, R. C. (1984) Regional Bias in New Firm Formation in the UK, Regional Studies 18, pp. 253-6.
eBook - PDFSpending to Win
Political Institutions, Economic Geography, and Government Subsidies
- Stephanie J. Rickard, Stephanie J. Rickard(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
But while some regions decline, at the same time others prosper. Regions less dependent on manufacturing often benefit from increased international economic integration. Regions’ varied economic fortunes influence politics. In the United States, for example, voters in congressional districts exposed to larger increases in foreign imports disproportionately removed moderate politicians from 1 The Economist October 21, 2017: 20. 27 office in the 2000s (Autor et al. 2016). In the United Kingdom, regions exposed to greater inflows of goods from China voted to leave the European Union at higher rates in the 2016 referendum on EU membership (Colantone and Stanig 2016). Despite the political consequences of economic geography, many scholars fail to take geography seriously. Some scholars simply ignore the uneven distribution of economic activity. Persson, Roland, and Tabellini (2007) explicitly assume that “the distribution of economic groups is the same in all districts” (p. 11). Others assume that economic geography correlates perfectly with political boundaries. In Grossman and Helpman’s (2005) model, each electoral district contains one unique industry by assumption. Similarly, McGillivray (1997) assumes that concentrations of industries occur entirely within separate, geographically defined electoral districts (p. 588, 590). And Cassing, McKeown, and Ochs (1986) explicitly assume that each region contains only one industry. These assumptions bear little resemblance to observed patterns of economic geography. In reality, economic activities vary in their geographic dispersion, and this variation rarely corresponds with politically relevant boundaries. Although some economic activities are strikingly concentrated, “the world economy [does not] concentrate production of each good in a single location” (Krugman, 1998: 8). In fact, economic activity is rarely concentrated entirely in a single location.
eBook - PDF- Cliff Hague, Carrie Breitbach(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Red Globe Press(Publisher)
2 Why and How Are Regional and Local Economies Changing? A changing economic landscape Economies have changed and are continuing to change. This is why there is now so much emphasis on regional and local eco-nomic development. For most of the world until the closing dec-ades of the twentieth century, a region’s economic fate seemed to depend overwhelmingly on natural resources. Coal-mining towns grew on coalfields. Steel mills were built near iron-ore reserves or at places where vast quantities of coal and iron ore could be marshalled. Ports and shipbuilding grew around natural harbours. Market towns prospered serving their agricultural hinterlands. In the humid American south and in Europe’s African, Asian and South American colonies there were plantations. Productivity dif-ferences between locations, together with protectionist taxation policies against imported goods, sustained this global pattern of production well into the twentieth century. Today, however, globalization generalizes competition, and many industries have undergone drastic restructuring. Trade barriers have come down, although by no means have they been totally removed by the world’s rich countries, and capital is increasingly footloose. Anticipating these processes, Stöhr (1990: 21) argued: comparative advantage has shifted with increasing speed between local economies as a result of the exhaustion of local resources, changes in worldwide demand, the emergence of new competitors producing at lower cost, the development of new technologies and organizational forms, and the poor ability of specific locations to provide sufficient 21 leadership in these change processes or adapt to them fast enough. Abso-lute advantage, traditionally dependent on locational access to localized resources and markets, has recently become determined primarily by organizational access to the control of capital and innovations. Globalization is an important but controversial concept.
eBook - PDFBloc by Bloc
How to Build a Global Enterprise for the New Regional Order
- Steven Weber(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Harvard University Press(Publisher)
5 I N G R E D I E N T S F O R A N E W E C O N O M I C G E O G R A P H Y To specify the key ele ments of economic geography for global reach in the 2020s is an audacious proposition. But it’s a necessity. It’s audacious because we live in an era where both technology and the state can demonstrably become very different in a lot less time than a decade. You don’t have to buy in to the hype of a phrase like “exponential change” to recognize a ground truth, that economic ge-ography changes more quickly now that recalcitrant physical obstacles and barriers are becoming less important relative to things like tech-nology standards and regulations, which are subject to human con-trol. But it’s equally necessary because, as I said at the start of this book, even if it is now true that anyone can be anywhere, it is equally true that everybody has to be somewhere. People have to make con-crete decisions about where to locate their research and development facilities, where to store and process their data, where to deploy their robots, and so on. Every decision of this kind represents a bet on a hypothesis about eco-nomic geography. Sometimes the nature of both the bet and the hy-pothesis are explicit and coherent with respect to each other. Sometimes they are implicit, and sometimes the two are less clearly connected by logic. The point of this chapter is to put forward and explain the key in-gredients of my hypothesis about the emerging economic geography. 118 BLOc By BLOc Chapter 6 follows with an explicit argument for a particular kind of bet that I believe makes good sense to place on that landscape, and it makes the logical connection explicit. Recall for just a moment from Chapter 3 the economic geography foundation of the globally integrated enterprise (GIE) argument.
- Elena Milanova, Yukio Himiyama, Elena Milanova, Yukio Himiyama, Elena Milanova(Authors)
- 2005(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
The countryside is now seen as a place of service provision and consumption (e.g. of amenity) rather than production. Ironically those electing to move into rural areas are most likely to be committed to the environmental paradigm whereas the existing farming community in these areas is most likely, given an average age of 1 5 6 UNDERSTANDING LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE IN GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT Fig. 10.5 Trends in proportion of the Scottish population living in rural and urban settings between 1801 and 2000. over 55, to be committed to the technocentric paradigm. Their formative years were in an era of agricultural productivism: when the 'productivist cohort' exits, a significant change in farmer world-view may well occur. It is likely that the trend for in-migration to rural Scotland will increase over the next 25 years, in particular of retirees. Probably this will reinforce the current patterns of rural population growth and demands for housing, in those areas with very pleasing scenery and access to local services. In areas without these attractions, in particular those with currently high dependencies on primary sector employment, there are likely to be net losses of population. In either case, the traditional human and social capital of rural Scotland will continue to change or continue to be lost. On the other hand, a growing demand for hobby or lifestyle farms, where quality of life and pursuit of recreational interests are more important objectives of management than profit-maximizing, will find expression in new patterns of land ownership, especially around cities. For 2003 for example, one major estate agent reported that almost 45% of farm purchases in the UK were for lifestyle purposes, compared with 32% in 2002 (FPD Savills 2004). Global Environmental Change The forecast impacts of global climate change will vary considerably within DRIV ERS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND-USE CHANGE IN SCOTLAND 1 5 7 Scotland (Scottish Executive, 2001c).
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