Glottal

7 Key excerpts on "Glottal"

• 

  eBook - PDF

  Understanding Phonetics

  • Patricia Ashby(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  front aretynoid cartilages and vocal folds tightly closed thyroid cartilage back The role of the larynx 28 which becomes trapped below in the sub-Glottal space (in the trachea, in fact). When this happens, we articulate the sound known as the Glottal stop. This is widely used and will be found in languages across the world. It is very characteristic of all London Englishes (Cockney, MLE, Estuary) and is often represented in literature by authors attempting to create an impression of such accents by replacing certain t’s with an apostrophe as in wha’ a lo’ of ho’ wa’er (what a lot of hot water). The process involved here has an extremely graphic name: t-Glottalling (see page 43 for more about this.) Like the h-sounds, the Glottal stop also has its own symbol, [ʔ]. (Don’t confuse this with a question mark – there is no dot at the bottom.) 2.4 THE LARYNX AS A PITCH MODULATOR We have already talked about pitch and its relationship to the rate of vibration of the vocal folds. Languages exploit this in two principal ways. Some languages use it to make distinctions between different words. This is a lexical use of pitch and such languages are called tone languages. Tone languages are found all over the world, but they are particularly prevalent in East and South- East Asia where you find all the different Chinese languages (Modern Standard Chinese, Cantonese, Hokkien, etc.), Thai, Burmese and so forth. Tone languages are also found in Africa (Hausa, Zulu, etc.) and in the Americas where some of the indigenous American Indian languages are tone languages (Navajo, Chatino, etc.). How lexical tone works can be illustrated by this example from Thai. For a single syllable [k h a] (which sounds a little bit like the English word car spoken with an Australian accent), the pitch on which the syllable is spoken changes and for each different pitch pattern, there is a different meaning.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  For the Love of Language

  An Introduction to Linguistics

  • Kate Burridge, Tonya N. Stebbins(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  Instead, they involve the glottis (the space between the vocal folds). Although /h/ does not involve constriction or contact between articulators at any point – the vocal folds are open and the mouth is in the shape it will need for the following vowel – it is also conventionally included in the set of Glottals. When the vocal folds are completely shut, the airstream is blocked and the glottis produces what is known as a Glottal ‘stop’ [ ʔ ] (actually a short moment of silence, rather than a sound). Familiar 181 CHAPTER 7: Phonetics examples of Glottal stops exist in some English accents (for example, Cockney), in a word like met where the word-final /t/ is Glottalised rather than pronounced (transcribed as / meʔ/). Accents with Glottals have become so popular that most television series coming from the United Kingdom are full of them. How many Glottal stops do you think there could be in the next sentence? Get out at the bottom of Cotton Street, turn right and go straight for about 848 metres. VOICING We now have some of the basic building blocks of sounds to work with, but a couple more things are involved. For instance, both /f/ and /v/ are classified as labiodental sounds, but we need to be able to distinguish between them. Try saying the words fat and vat aloud with your fingers touching your larynx and you’ll feel the vibrations in the throat area for the /v/ sound that are not there for /f/. The difference between the pronunciation of these words is that /v/ is voiced, whereas /f/ is voiceless. If you say ‘f-f-f-f-f-f-v-v-v-v-v-v’ a few times, you will become aware of the vocal folds making an effort to come together to make the /v/ sound, thus producing vibration. For /f/ the vocal folds remain open and the airstream from the lungs passes unimpeded through the glottis to the teeth and lips (that is, the place of articulation). Voicing is thus one means of distinguishing between two sounds produced at the same place of articulation.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Phonetics

  Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and Perception

  • Henning Reetz, Allard Jongman(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  Sounds with a full or partial obstruction in the vocal tract, made by the tongue and lips, are called consonants . These are categorized in a two‐ dimensional grid by the manner of articulation , that is, the extent of the obstruc-tion, and by the place of articulation , where the obstruction is made. Important for this categorization is the tongue, which is segmented into tongue tip, blade, body (front, center, back), and tongue root . Places of articulation are ordered from the front of the mouth along the roof of the mouth down to the pharynx, yielding for Articulatory Phonetics 2 10 Articulatory Phonetics English labial, labio‐dental, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, labial‐velar, velar, and Glottal . Ordering manner of articulation in terms of the degree of obstruction yields an (oral) stop (or plosive ) , nasal (stop), fricative, affricate, and approximant . Stops have a complete closure of the vocal tract, where nasals have an open nasal tract. For fricatives, the articulators come close together to create a narrow channel and airflow through this passage produces a hissing sound. Affricates are a combination of a plosive immediately followed by a fricative. And approximants are marked by a somewhat wider opening of the oral tract, so that no hissing sound is produced. When the articulators are even further apart, vowels are produced. Vowels are also categorized in basically three dimensions: a horizontal dimension depending on the frontness or backness of the tongue, a vertical dimension depending on the height of the tongue, resulting in labels such as high , mid , or low , and a third dimension, which expresses whether the lips are rounded or unrounded . For some vowels, tense and lax varieties exist, which differ in qualities that will be described in Section 3.3. Additionally, the nasal tract is open when producing nasal or nasal-ized vowels.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  A Figure of Speech

  A Festschrift for John Laver

  • William J. Hardcastle, Janet Mackenzie Beck, William J. Hardcastle, Janet Mackenzie Beck(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Sweet’s (1877) description. Our research has also shown that in North American English and in Thai, this state of the glottis is one that can precede an initial vowel in modal voice that is not heavily stressed and does not have a Glottal stop before it. We propose that the basic states of the glottis be expanded to include the prephonation state of the glottis used in voiceless unaspirated oral stops and affricates.

  Fig. 14.3 Prephonation, during the stop in unaspirated [pә].

  Unphonated

  Glottal Stop

  Holder (1669 , pp. 60, 72) defined Glottal stop as ‘a stop made by closing the larynx.’ Bell (1867 , pp. 46, 60) defined Glottal stop as a Glottal catch made with the glottis closed and a catch of the breath as in a cough, although he states that the linguistic effect of Glottal stop is softer than in a cough. Sweet (1877 , pp. 6–7) also called Glottal stop a Glottal catch and defined it as a sudden opening or closing of the glottis, citing the same example of a Glottal catch as in an ordinary cough. Noël-Armfield (1931 , p. 107), Heffner (1950 , p. 125), and Jones (1956 , p. 19) defined Glottal stop as a closure and opening of the glottis. Jones added that the glottis must be tightly closed. Ladefoged (1975 , p. 46, 1982 , p. 50) refers to a Glottal stop being made by holding the vocal cords tightly together, also suggesting that Glottal stops occur in coughs. Laver (1994 , pp. 187–188, 206) defines Glottal stop as a maintained complete Glottal closure.

  Some early visual images of the vocal folds such as the drawings made by A. K. Maxwell from the vocal cords of Stephen Jones of the Phonetics Laboratory, University College London, showed the basic states of the glottis for breath, voice, whisper, and what was called a vigorous Glottal stop. The Glottal stop that occurs in a cough was called an exaggerated form of Glottal stop. The works of both Westermann and Ward (1933 , pp. 52–53) and Ward (1929 , p. 13) contain these drawings made in the 1920s. The drawing of the so-called vigorous Glottal stop closely resembles the laryngoscopic visual images of moderate Glottal stop in our research (cf. Esling , 1999a, p. 360). Discussions of the role of the ventricular folds in the production of Glottal stop can be found in Lindqvist (1969) , whereas an argument against Lindqvist’s views on Glottal stop can be found in Catford (1977

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  A Historical Phonology of English

  • Donka Minkova(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Edinburgh University Press

    (Publisher)

  : • VELAR : articulated with the back of the tongue contacting or approaching the soft palate. The English velars are the stops /k/ and 2 This book follows the practice of previous phonological descriptions of English (Giegerich 1992; McMahon 2002; Kreidler 2004) in using the symbol /r/ for the phoneme whose most common realisation in GA and SSBE is the central approximant [ ɹ ] (see further 5.2). THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH 29 /g/, the velar nasal / ŋ /, as in si ng , and the voiceless fricative /x/ as in lo ch , phonemic only in Scottish English. • Glottal : articulated with the vocal cords moving closer together. The only Glottal consonant in English is the voiceless fricative /h/, as in h ill , be h ave . Its articulation foreshadows the following vowel. A voiceless Glottal stop, [ ʔ ], is used in some varieties of PDE as an allo-phone of the voiceless stops /p, t, k/. [ ʔ ] is also inserted optionally before stressed vowel-initial syllables (see further 5.5.1). Another useful descriptive parameter refers to the active articulators in producing consonants: the lips, the tip of the tongue or the body of the tongue. Involvement of the lips produces labials. When the tongue tip is involved in the articulation, the consonants have the feature coronal . The coronal consonants of English are the dentals, the alveolars and the palato-alveolars, while the tongue-body consonants are dorsal . All velars are also dorsal. 2.1.3 Manner of articulation The way in which the airstream travels through the vocal tract deter-mines the manner of articulation , that is, the degree and timing of blockage as the air is pushed out of the lungs. During the production of /p, b, t, d, k, g/, there is a brief instance when the air is completely stopped; these consonants are stops , also called plosives .

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  From Memory to Speech and Back

  Papers on Phonetics and Phonology 1954 - 2002

  • Morris Halle(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  A Note on Laryngeal Features Morris Halle and Kenneth N. Stevens 1971 In this report we investigate the mechanisms that underlie various pho-netic features such as voicing, aspiration, and Glottalization, which for want of a better term we may designate by the adjective laryngeal. Our purpose here is to give wider currency to certain results of recent acoustic investigations (Stevens 1 ' 2 and Kim 3 ) and to support modifi-cations in the universal phonetic feature framework which seem to us to be indicated by these new results. 1. Review of Acoustical and Mechanical Aspects of Vocal-Cord Operation The acoustical analysis is based on a model that represents each vocal cord as a mass that can change in shape and which forms a flexible wall for the Glottal opening, as shown by the lateral section through the glottis in Fig. 1. When a subGlottal pressure P s is applied, the glottis assumes a configuration that may resemble that shown in Fig. 1, with an average static opening w s between the vocal cords. The pressure P g in the glottis, which arises from the Glottal airflow and from the pressures P sup and P sub above and below the glottis, causes an outward force on the vocal cords that in the static situation is exactly balanced by the re-storing force, because of the stiffness of the cords. Under certain conditions of stiffness of the Glottal walls, the static opening w s , and the pressure ΔΡ across the glottis, the system is unsta-ble, and in-and-out vibration of the vocal cords occurs. In general, the oscillations are not in phase across the thickness of the glottis: the out-ward and inward displacement of the lower edges (at points c, d in Fig. 1) occur slightly ahead of the oscillatory displacement of the upper edges (at points a, b).

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Salience in Sociolinguistics

  A Quantitative Approach

  • Péter Rácz(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  Glottalisation variably occurs in all environments with the exception of a following word-medial stressed vowel or before a vowel word-initially. The process is phonetically motivated pre-consonan -tally. The phonetic ground is the Glottal reinforcement of stops in English English (Giegerich, 1992) – in coda positions, the oral closure is reinforced by an accompa-nying Glottal one. When we pair this up with the lack or release typical of pre-conso -nantal positions (Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996), we end up with a stop that lost most of its place cues, such as the formant transitions into and out of the closure phase. The result is the audible gesture of Glottal replacement – a Glottal stop. Coronal stops, being shorter and more variable in duration, are more prone to fall victim to Glottal replacement (Paradis & Prunet, 1991). Stops, however, can be subject to Glottalisation before a vowel as well, a phenomenon both phonetically unmotivated and, as argued below, salient. (John Harris (p.c.) points out that the place cues of a pre-Glottalised stop will be impaired even before a vowel, which can also lead to loss of place of artic-ulation. What is certainly true is that this impairment is much smaller in extent than in the case of a pre-consonantal stop.) While /t/ Glottalisation is a phonetically gradient phenomenon, stretching from Glottally reinforced coronal stops to complete loss of the coronal place of articulation (or debuccalisation ), I will allow for the abstraction of regarding it as categorical, with word-final coronal stops realised either as coronal or as Glottal. This is in line with the existing studies (discussed below), which also operate with this level of abstraction, and still allows for a valid conclusion on the pattern’s salience. 72 | 5 Glottalisation in the South of England 5.1 Background Glottal replacement is first reported in the South of England by Daniel Jones (Jones & Trofimov, 1923).

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book