Palatal

6 Key excerpts on "Palatal"

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  Phonetics

  Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and Perception

  • Henning Reetz, Allard Jongman(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  Sounds produced in this way are called glottal sounds . Articulatory Phonetics 13 The articulators forming the lower surface of the vocal tract include: 1. Lower lip, which can actively approximate or touch the upper lip or the upper teeth, resulting in bilabial or labiodental sounds, respectively. 2. Lower teeth, which take part in the production of certain dental sounds. Most important, however, is the tongue, the muscle that is attached to the lower jaw (mandible). The tongue can be divided into the following six regions (3-8), going from front to back: 3. Tongue tip . This is the frontmost part of the tongue. Sounds produced with the tongue tip (apex of the tongue) are known as apical sounds. 4. Tongue blade . This is a short section following the tip. It is below the alveolar ridge when the vocal tract is in its neutral or rest position. Sounds produced with the tongue blade (lamen) are known as laminal sounds. 5. Front of the tongue body . This is the front part of the tongue body so it is actually more the middle portion of the tongue . It is that part of the tongue that is below the palate when the tongue is in its rest position. 6. Center of the tongue body. This middle part of the tongue body is roughly beneath the palate and the velum at rest position. 7. Back of the tongue body. This rear portion of the tongue body is the part beneath the velum. It is also known as the tongue dorsum . 8. Tongue root . This is the part of the tongue opposite the back wall of the phar-ynx. Sounds produced with the root (radix) are referred to as radical sounds . 9. Epiglottis . It is a cartilaginous structure moving downward and backward with the tongue. As the tongue moves backward during swallowing, the epi-glottis folds down and covers the glottis, thus channeling food and fluids to the esophagus. There is some debate about the status of the epiglottis as an articulator.

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  For the Love of Language

  An Introduction to Linguistics

  • Kate Burridge, Tonya N. Stebbins(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  These spaces are in the mouth, nose and throat, and are called the oral, nasal and pharyngeal cavities. Sound is produced using a limited number of fixed parts of these areas. They include the alveolar ridge, upper teeth, hard and soft palate, uvula and pharyngeal wall. Also involved are more flexible parts, primarily the lips and tongue, but also the lower jaw. Together, these parts are called articulators. The upper articulators are fixed and passive while the lower articulators are active. We become very conscious of our vocal tract in situations where our ability to speak is compromised for some reason. Common situations include when we are breathless from exer- tion, when we have had too much to drink or when we lose our voice or have a blocked nose due to illness. (A sentence like Dean’s seen nineteen underground garden gnomes in Kensington North is a challenge for someone with a bad cold – try pinching your nose and saying it slowly to get the general idea.) Even a broken or lost tooth will make a difference to our speech, PHONETICS 7 Podcast Further resources Further resources 179 CHAPTER 7: Phonetics because it alters the degree of constriction we can make when producing words containing ‘s’ sounds, for example. To produce speech, air must be pushed from the lungs through the vocal folds inside the larynx, forcing them apart and causing them to vibrate. The frequency of this vibration, con- trolled by muscular tension applied to the vocal folds, is variable, and is perceived by the lis- tener as voice pitch. The tighter the squeeze, the higher the sound. Yet this is only part of the journey – once the air has passed through the ‘gates’ of the vocal folds, it has to navigate its way through an obstacle course of constrictions and blockages placed there by the articulators in order for the required sequence of vowels and consonants to be produced.

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  Introduction to English Linguistics

  • Ingo Plag, Maria Braun, Sabine Lappe, Mareile Schramm(Authors)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  Sounds which, like [ b ], are characterised by a constriction at the lips are called bilabial sounds (involving both lips), whereas the place of articulation of [ d ] is referred to as alveolar (with an obstruction at the alveolar ridge). As you can see, place of articulation features correspond to the articulators in-volved. Moving from the lips further to the back of the mouth, we distinguish the following places of articulation: labio-dentals involve only the lower lip and additionally the upper teeth. An example of a labio-dental sound is [ f ]. If we talk about dental place of articulation, however, the lips do not play a role in production. These sounds are produced with the tongue immediately be-hind the upper front teeth or even protruding between upper and lower front teeth, as in [ T ]. The latter place of articulation is sometimes more specifically referred to as interdental . In palato-alveolar sounds, such as [ S ], the con-striction is between the hard palate and the alveolar ridge, slightly further back than for alveolar sounds, such as [ s ]. For a purely Palatal sound such as Figure 1.2. Difference in place of articulation: [ b ] versus [ d ] 10 The sounds: phonetics [ j ], the tongue is raised toward the hard palate. An obstruction at the velum as in [k] gives us a velar sound, and finally, if the airstream is obstructed at the glottis, as in [ h ], we talk about glottal place of articulation. Note that sounds with varying places of articulation also differ in terms of which part of the tongue is involved in their production. For instance, in alveolar sounds, such as [ s ] or [ d ], it is the tip of the tongue that causes the obstruction, whereas in velar sounds, such as [ k ] or [ g ], the relevant part of the tongue is the back. We have given only one sound as an illustration for each place of articu-lation here.

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  An Introduction to Language and Linguistics

  • Ralph W. Fasold, Jeff Connor-Linton(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  The passive articulators lie along the top of the vocal tract. Run your tongue along the top of your mouth beginning behind your upper teeth. You will fi rst encounter the alveolar ridge , the bony rise just behind your teeth. The postalveolar region arches Figure 1.2 Parts of the vocal tract 19 The sounds of language from the alveolar ridge toward the hard palate , the roof of the mouth. If you curl your tongue very far back in your mouth, you can feel that the bony structure of the hard palate gives way to softer tissue, which is known as the soft palate , or velum . The velum is a muscular structure that regulates the velar port, the opening in the back of the mouth that connects the mouth and nose. When the velum is lowered, as it is for breathing and for some sounds such as [m] and [n], the port is open and air fl ows freely between the nose and lungs. (It ’ s a phonetic convention to write the symbols for sounds within square brackets. See the following sections for more on phonetic writing.) When the velum is raised, as it is for most speech sounds, the opening to the nose is closed off and all the airstream is directed through the mouth. At the very end of the velum is the uvula , the little pink pendulum you can see hanging down in the back of your mouth when you open wide and say “ ah. ” Articulation Speaking involves using the structures of the vocal tract in different ways to control and shape moving air. We can think of the speaker producing the right combinations by making “ choices ” about which active and passive articulators to use and about how different constrictions will be made. These choices are not conscious; they are automated from long practice, just like the muscular routines of walking or reaching. When you reach for a cup of coffee, you don ’ t say to yourself, “ OK, now contract the tricep, relax the bicep, ” etc.

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  Clear Speech

  Practical Speech Correction and Voice Improvement

  • Malcolm Morrison(Author)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • A&C Black Academic and Professional

    (Publisher)

  SPEECH FAULTS Introductory The following section is concerned with the ability to make specific individual sounds of English. Once the voice is produced it is shaped into particular types of sound by the use of the lips, tongue, hard palate, soft palate and the teeth. The organs of speech: 1 Lips 2 Teeth 3 Alveolar ridge 4 Hard palate 5 Soft palate 6 Uvula 7 Tip and blade of tongue 8 Front of tongue 9 Centre of tongue 10 Back of tongue The diagram shows a sectional view of the organs of speech. Note that the tongue, for the purposes of describing the formation of sounds, is divided into various parts. There is no commonly used sound which employs the use of the uvula; although sounds made with the back of the tongue in conjunction with the uvula are frequent in other European languages, such as French and German. 45 Introductory In addition to the specific exercises given for correction of a sound, general articulation exercises should also be practised in order to develop dexterity and control of the lips, tongue and soft palate. 46 The English R Sound The most common 'R' sound in English speech is known as a post-alveolar frictionless continuant. To form this sound The soft palate is raised to prevent the passage of air through the nose. The tongue tip is curled back behind the gum ridge, while the side rims of the tongue contact the upper side teeth. It is important that the tongue does not make contact with the roof of the mouth. The teeth are held slightly apart. The lips are usually held in a neutral position, although they may round if the sound is followed by a vowel with lip rounding such as OO or AW. Formation of the R sound Occurrence of R in English R is usually pronounced before or between vowels. In common English speech it is never said when it precedes a consonant. This rule applies to the speaking of a word: not to its spelling.

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  Introducing Linguistics

  Theoretical and Applied Approaches

  • Joyce Bruhn de Garavito, John W. Schwieter(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  For example, when English speakers produce the sound ‘g’, the back of the tongue is the active articulator and the velum (see Figure 2.1) is the passive articulator. When we name sounds, we typically refer to the passive articulator. In Table 2.1 you can see some examples of speech sounds produced by different com- binations of passive and active articulators. TABLE 2.1 Passive and Active Articulators Active Articulator Passive Articulator Speech Sounds lower lip upper lip upper teeth ban, pan fine, vine tongue tip/tongue blade alveolar ridge alveolar ridge/hard palate tie, Sue, night ring, arrow front of the tongue alveolar ridge+hard palate hard palate sheet, measure, judge you, yellow back of the tongue soft palate cat, go, ring root of the tongue uvula no corresponding word in English Arabic word for ‘story’ qisa vocal folds glottis hen, hat PAUSE AND REFLECT 2.1 Though the vocal tract is responsible for all speech sounds, it is not responsible for all language production. What other forms of language production do you think exist that do not rely on the vocal tract? Do these forms of language production also rely on a small set of “articulators”? 2.2.2 The Lungs and Airstream The vast majority of speech sounds are produced by air flowing from the lungs up through the vocal tract, or an egressive pulmonic airstream. Egressive refers to the action of pushing air out and pulmonic refers to the use of the lungs. A certain level of 28 Phonetics air pressure is needed to keep the air flowing. The pressure is maintained by the action of muscles in the abdomen, known as intercostals (the muscles between the ribs) and the diaphragm (the large sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdomen). The intercostals raise the ribcage to allow air to flow into the lungs during inhalation, while the diaphragm helps to control the release of air so that we can speak for a reasonable period of time between breaths.

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